a va - Informal How Are You in French

a va - Informal How Are You in French Now that we have studied  the formal ways of saying how are you in French, lets look at the informal ways. a va - How are you / how is it going? The Magical French word!   Ãƒâ€¡a va (pronounced sa va, since the cedilla makes the C pronounced as an S) is truly the magical word of the French language. Why? Because it never changes. You can use a va to ask how are you to one person: Ça va Camille ?Oui, à §a va bien, merci. Et toi ? Whether you are using tu or vous doesnt matter: Ça va madame Chevalier ?Oui, à §a va bien, merci. Et vous ? You can use a vato ask how are you to several people: Ça va bien vous deux ? (How are you both?)Ça va, à §a va, merci. Et toi ? (Fine, fine, and you?) You can even use a va to talk about other people: Et vos enfants, à §a va ? (and your kids, are they OK?)Oui, à §a va bien, merci. Not just people, you can usea va foreverything really! Votre travail, à §a va ? (how is your work?)La santà © de votre mà ¨re, à §a va ? (how is your mothers health?) How cool is that a va - Informal but very common French for how are you Granted,  Ãƒ §a va is not the most formal French. But its so practical that its been used a lot in French lately, and has really made its way in almost all situations: among friends and family, of course, but also at the office, with acquaintances... Its only in the most formal of situations that it may not be appropriate. I wouldnt say to the Queen of England bonjour Votre Majestà ©, à §a va ?...   Ok, now that weve seen how to say  how are you in formal French, and learned about à §a va, lets see how you answer how are you subtlely in French. I post exclusive mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest pages - so press the links below - talk to you there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchToday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/ https://www.instagram.com/realfrenchtoday/

Alcohols and Energy it takes to break them Essays

  Alcohols and Energy it takes to break them Essays   Alcohols and Energy it takes to break them Essay Alcohols and Energy it takes to break them Essay This experiment is to investigate how much energy alcohols give off when they are burnt. When burnt the alcohol reacts with oxygen to give the products Carbon Dioxide and Water. Chemical Formula: Structural formula (methanol) Structural formula (ethanol) The structural formulas for the rest of the group of the homologous alcohols have the same structure, with more carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in the same way. In an exothermic reaction heat is given out when the new bonds are formed. When bonds are broken the heat energy is taken in so the reaction is endothermic. In this experiment we have an exothermic reaction because it produces more energy forming new bonds than breaking them. So it gives out heat energy. The energy output is found by subtracting the energy produced to form the bonds from the energy produced to break the bonds. This is known as the enthalpy, which is always negative as heat is lost from the reaction. This can be shown in this rough energy level diagram. Chemical Principles By Master Slowinski suggest that heat used by products (Hp) subtracted by heat used for reactants (Hr) equals the enthalpy (? H). It can be shown in this chemical formula. Hp Hr = ?H However doing a practical experiment is not the only way to work out the enthalpy of an alcohol. We can show it in energy level equations, using figures from textbooks to tell us the energy in kJ/mol. This is a good way to predict what results we might get from our experiments if they go according to plan. Here is an energy level equation, how to work out the energy produced by burning Methanol. Chemical symbol of bond Energy required to break/form bonds C-C 347 O=O 498 O-H 464 C=O 805 C-O 350 C-H 415 In our practical experiment to work out the amount of energy released from the reaction we need to use this equation. Heat Energy = mass of water x specific heat capacity x change in temperature = ________ Joules This equation is only assuming that the energy released by the alcohol we are burning is the same as the heat energy absorbed by the water. The specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to heat the substance. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2J/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C because that is the reliable figure that I have researched The bonds are made due to the forces of attraction between the atoms. This can be either covalent bonding, where the atoms share an electron, or ionic bonding which involves a metal and the one atom gives an electron to another atom. In our experiment the Hà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½O and the COà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ are examples of covalent bonding. I need to make my experiment a fair test by keeping the material of container, the volume of water in the container, the change in temperature and the height of the container from the flame the same. The only variable I will not be changing is the type of alcohol and the time taken to burn it. The variables for this experiment are: Material of Container: The beaker I keep the water in has to be the same as some materials are better conductors of heat than others. I will probably be using a copper container as it is easy to find and can withstand high temperature. The material will heat up, and I will have to use wooden tongs to keep the experiment safe and make sure that I dont get burnt. Volume of Water in Beaker: This needs to be the same throughout all of my experiments otherwise heat will be lost in the environment quicker or slower than the previous experiment. I have chosen water because it is safe and easy to obtain. Change in Temperature: We will keep this the same so that each of the alcohols can release the same amount of energy. If we were to use time as our controlling factor, then a fast burning alcohol such as Pentanol would increase the temperature far quicker than a slower burning alcohol such as Methanol. Height of Beaker above flame: This should be kept the same so that not very much heat energy can escape from going into the water. A boss and clamp, or a tripod should control this; I will investigate in my preliminary work, which one will work better. Length of Wick: I dont have any control over this factor, other than the Burner that I am using, the wicks should all be about the same size anyway. However I will try and chose burners that have wicks roughly the same length. Preliminary Work: In my preliminary work I will be trying to find out what volume of water would be best to use and whether to use a tripod or a boss and clamp to hold the beaker in place. I will also be investigating the temperature change in the water and what mass of the alcohols I should be using. I need to decide how many alcohols to burn and also to see how far above the flame the beaker will need to be. I will also be investigating the material of the beaker that the water is held in and looking at the length of wick. Prediction of Diagram of Preliminary work: Results of Preliminary Work: I tried out two different volumes of water, 50ml and 100ml. 50ml of water reached the temperature very quickly and 100ml of water is easy to use in my enthalpy calculations. The length of wick couldnt be altered from the length that it was originally at. The distance of the wick from the bottom of the beaker could be altered easily. I started off with it at 6cm from the bottom of the container, but changed it to 4.5cm as the movement of air in the classroom tended to blow the flame about a lot. I decided to use a copper beaker instead of a glass one as copper transfers heat quickly and not a lot of heat will be used to heat the copper beaker up. I also discovered that I would have to use a boss and clamp instead of a tripod as a boss and clamp is a lot more stable and I can alter the height of the beaker more easily. I cannot alter the mass of the alcohol that I am using, but I can measure the mass before I start and the mass at the end of the experiment, to work out how much mass of the alcohol has been burned. To decide what the temperature change had to be I could work out what it couldnt be before my preliminary experiment. I could cool the water, but it would take up valuable practical time. I could change the starting temp of my water, but there was no point as it was 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, room temperature. I also couldnt raise it to more than 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C incase some of the water evaporated. In the end I settled with 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C temperature change as it didnt get too hot, and didnt take up too much time, so it allowed for some repeats. I also had to stir the water with a thermometer, to keep the heat constant in the copper container. Here are my preliminary results: Experiment 1: Mass changed from 127.22g to 126.7g when we burned Pentanol. We used 100ml of water and we had the beaker 6cm above the wick. The starting temperature was 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C which we raised 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Experiment 2: Mass changed from 126.7g to 126.0g when we burned Pentanol. We used 100ml of water and the beaker was 4.5cm above the wick. The starting temperature was 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, which we increased by 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Experiment 3: Mass changed from 117.42g to 116.85g when we burned Methanol. We used 50ml of water and the beaker was 4.5cm above the wick. The starting temperature was 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and we raised it by 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Experiment 4: Mass changed from 116.85g to 115.94g when we burned Methanol. We used 100ml of water and the beaker was 4.5cm above the wick. The starting temperature was 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and we raised it by 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Diagram of Experiment: Apparatus: 1 measuring cylinder 5 different alcohol burners 1 copper container 1 box of matches 1 boss and clamp stand 1 pair of wooden tongs 1 thermometer 1 heat proof mat 1 set of scales A piece of paper and a pen 1 tap supplied with water Measurements: 100ml of water Copper Beaker 4.5cm above the burner I will be using a boss and clamp stand I will be raising the temperature of the water 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C Method: 1) Measure 100ml of water into a copper container, making sure that the container is clean. If it is not clean then rinse it out before beginning experiment. 2) Record the mass of the alcohol burner and place on a heatproof mat next to the boss and clamp stand. 3) Set up the boss and clamp with the container 4.5cm above the wick of the burner. 4) Stir and record initial temperature of the water. 5) Light the wick immediately after I have done this and continue stirring the water. 6) As soon as the water has reached 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C above the starting temperature blow out the wick and record the mass of the alcohol and burner. Throughout the test I will control the mass of water, 100ml, the same copper can and the wick 4.5cm from the bottom of the copper container. Predictions: I predict that alcohols with more carbon atoms in their chemical structure will produce more energy when their new bonds are formed. I predict that the alcohols with more carbon atoms such as Pentanol will produce more energy than an alcohol with less carbon atoms such as methanol. I also predict that the alcohols with more carbon atoms in their chemical structure will not have as much mass burned. This is because they are releasing more energy per gram than the alcohols with less carbon atoms in their chemical structure. Using the theoretical energy level diagram I can see how my results will come up against the theoretical ones. Alcohol Theoretical Energy Level Diagrams Results Methanol 666 kJ/mol Ethanol 1276 kJ/mol Propanol 1895 kJ/mol Butanol 2520 kJ/mol Pentanol 3138 kJ/mol Robert Bennett 10JR, 10A5 Robert Bennett 10A5 Dame Alice Owens School

Corporate Finance Law Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Finance Law - Personal Statement Example It is this reason that led me to pick my thesis proposal title as; ‘Critically evaluate the way in which Islamic financial institutions have looked to develop their corporate governance in comparison with the western world, particularly the UK and the US, in the wake of the global economic crisis with a view to enhancing their position within the global economy.’ I believe that my Masters research, which I successfully undertook in your esteemed institution with my dissertation topic being ‘Can Islamic Finance Provide Sufficient Legal Guarantees for Conventional Western Investors?’ has prepared me in seeking a career towards International banking law. I have since developed a passion for research in corporate governance in international financial institutions and would like to adopt a career path in this field. Although my key strengths lie in this field, I strongly believe that the program will enable me develop expertise on not only my field, but on other related fields, for example, regulating banking practices. Earning a PhD in your esteemed organization would aid me to further my skills and ultimately act as the springboard of my career. I hope the admissions committee finds my strengths and background satisfactory for admittance into the Westminster University for a PhD

Understanding of the Mind and Its Processes Essay

Understanding of the Mind and Its Processes - Essay Example This paper illustrates that our vision is based upon a two-dimensional image despite the fact that it is attempting to perceive a three-dimensional world. As a result, we depend to a great extent upon our imaginations to fill in any missing elements of the visual puzzle we are confronted with, which may be accurate or inaccurate and it is up to other areas of our mind to decipher the truth. Perception, then, is what we first believe we have seen and then becomes adjusted as we begin to process this information through other areas of the mind based on information we remember or understand from previous experience. In addition to what we perceive through our fallible senses, we are also struggling to understand the world around us through what we can pay attention to, which has been proven to be limited, and what we are able to remember, which is limited by what we can imagine and further shaped by our perception of the event. As if this wasn’t enough information to try to juggl e around, how our perceptions are governed by our sensations and our memories and how these interact and combine to reshape our perceptions, there is another element that must be considered in cognitive science regarding what it means to be conscious and where the link is between the biological, material processes of the brain and the immaterial untraceable processes of the mind. Many people have made the connection between the brain and the computer and the mind and the software that runs the computer, but science has demonstrated that these processes are much more complex than the relationship between the newest Dell model and Windows Vista. While we attempt to define what it means to be conscious, we realize that we are only aware of ourselves as conscious because we can compare ourselves to something else – we are like something.

Case studies on performance management Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Studies on performance management - Case Study Example In order to improve her performance as a trainer we need to develop her procedural knowledge (Johnson, Star and Durkin, 2012). One way of doing it can be recording a class that is being conducted by her and then once she gets over with it, we can ask her to have a look at it while we discuss the shortcomings of the class that was taken by her. In this way she will get a good understanding as where she is lacking behind and where she needs to improve further. Performance is a combination of the declarative knowledge in which a person has the informative knowledge of his or her job role and procedural knowledge in which the person needs to understand the complete ‘know-how ‘of doing the job. She needs to be aware that simply delivering a training module will not be sufficient for her trainees to learn. She needs to make sure that her trainees understand the concept and learn to apply them in their daily work schedule. Only then can training be called complete. In order to do so she needs to be aware of the fact that she has to be very friendly with her trainees so that they can freely ask her ques tions if they have a doubt. She needs to have a two step process in her training module. The first step will be the lecture phase where she will be presenting or explaining the concept that needs to be learnt and understood by the trainees. This process will create a general understanding of the topics. She start her training with a brief introduction of the topics that will be discussed and then move onto the in depth study of the topics. In this section she should be open to questions and critics from the trainees. She needs to give them the leverage to be able to ask her questions no matter how stupid the question may be. Once the delivery of the lecture is over she should move on to the next phase of the training which will be the discussion phase. The will be a more of two way discussion. She will try to understand to understand the topic from her

Main Causes Of World War II

Main Causes Of World War II Yesterday, December 7, 1941- a date which will live in infamy- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) These are the beginning words of President Roosevelts Pearl Harbor Speech. He made this famous speech on December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. There were three specific events that helped lead to World War II. The attack by the Japanese on the naval base Pearl Harbor is what brought America into the war. The formation of the Nazi Party was also a reason for much turmoil in Europe. One of the biggest reasons for war in Europe was the ruling of Adolf Hitler. Hitler was able to take a small political party and turn it in to an outstanding army. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese brought devastation and turmoil to the already hurting America. At this time America had elected their new president, Franklin Roosevelt, in hopes that he could bring them out of the great depression that they were suffering through. The Great Depression was causing unemployment rates to skyrocket across the country, and something needed to be done. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on the Sunday morning of December 7, 1941. The Japanese planes were mistaken for friendly aircrafts on the bases radars. Pearl Harbor was a naval base, positioned in Hawaii. This naval base was home to some of the biggest battleships in the United States navy. One of these great battleships was the U.S.S Arizona. (Vandivor) In an interview, George Phraner, former Aviation Machinist aboard the U.S.S Arizona said, Behind me, a marine lay dead on the deck, his body split in two. I began to realize there were dead men all around me. (Phraner) This quote shows how bloody and frantic this attack was. In another interview of the Navy Seamen aboard the U.S.S California, John H. McGoran said this, Only one who was there can fully appreciate what took place.(McGoran) The Japanese attacked in two waves, sinking or damaging all eight battleships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Over 350 aircrafts were destroyed or severely damaged. More than 3,500 people were killed or injured in those waves of attacks by the Japanese planes (Pearlharbor.org). The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt gave his famous Pearl Harbor speech, and declared war against the Empire of Japan. Some believe that World War II is what brought us out of our Great Depression. The war gave thousands of Americans a job. Women went to work in factories making tanks, aircrafts, and weapons to support the war. The men went to war fighting for their country. The formation of the Nazi Party brought a quick start to World War II in Europe. In the year 1919, Anton Drexler, Godfried Feder and Dietrich Eckhart, formed the German Workers Party in Munich. This was considered a left-wing revolutionary group by the German Army. The German Army got worried and sent a young man named Adolf Hitler, who was one of the armys education officers, to go behind the lines of this new party that had just formed (Kudlinski). Soon, Hitler discovered that the political opinions of the German Workers Party were very close to his own views. Hitler approved of Drexlers German nationalism and anti-Semitism but did not like the way the party was organized. Even though Hitler was a spy, whenever a member of the party made a point he disagreed with, Hitler would stand up and make a passionate speech on that subject. Later Hitler would become a member of the German Workers Party, and would want to run the party the way he felt was right. He challenged Anton Drexler for the leadership of the party in 1921. Drexler accepted the inevitable, and let Hitler have leadership of the party. Hitler would be put in prison for three months because of his violence towards his rival politicians. After Hitler was released he formed his own army which he called Sturm Abteilung (Storm Section). The SA, also known as the stormtroopers, was instructed to disrupt the meetings of Hitlers political opponents and to protect Hitler himself from revenge attacks. The party which was now called the Nazi Party was growing in numbers every day. It had an outstanding army of over 3,000 troops, and followers were beginning to adore the new Adolf Hitler (Vanderwerff). As the Nazi Party grew, the hate crimes that they committed against the Jews grew along with it. Hitler, through propaganda, made it look like the Jews were of lower intelligence and that they were the center of every crime committed. He claimed that the Jewish youth lies in wait for hours on end satanically glaring at and spying on the unconscious girl whom he plans to seduce, adulterating her blood with the ultimate idea of bastardizing the white race which they hate and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jew might dominate (Vanderwerff). The rise of Hitler in the Nazi Party and his control in Europe played a big part in getting the war started. Hitler knew how to grab the attention of the German people. He would use whatever resources he had, to gain the trust and respect of the people. Hitler would use propaganda to win the support of the people. Since he controlled the media, he could tell the German people whatever he wanted them to hear and they wouldnt know if it was the truth or just the opinion of Hitler himself. In the propaganda that he would put out in the public, he would tell the people about how the Jews were bad people and how to tell if someone was a Jew by their facial features, such as a big nose or curly, dark hair (Rise of Hitler). Hitler was extremely racist against almost everybody, but more in particular, he was racist against the Jews. He believed that they were a dirty race and that they should be killed. Hitler looked over the fact that some of his favorite composers were Jewish. Hitler soon gained control of Germany. He had plans to take over the whole world, but his plans had to start somewhere. He had his army attack Poland. Poland was not ready for such an attack. Although they fought bravely, Poland was using weapons and vehicles from the First World War. Germany on the other hand had started using different types of attacks. They used new strategies for their air raids and land attacks. One of these new techniques was the Blitzkrieg (Vanderwerff). According to the History Learning Site, Germanys air force had bombers in numbers up to 850, and over 400 fighters in the attack on Poland. The Polish Air Force had 210 bombers and 150 fighters. When the Russians invaded eastern Poland on September 17th, Polands defeat was inevitable. On September 24th, Warsaw was bombed by 1150 German aircraft. On September 27th, Warsaw surrendered. The last Polish troops surrendered on October 6th (Attack on Poland). After the attack on Poland, Hitler ordered the attack on many other countries such as France and Britain. Hitler started some of his first concentration camps in Oranienburg Germany. These concentration camps would hold the captured Jews that Hitler had found. These camps are where nearly six million Jews were exterminated under the hand of Hitler. In these camps, the Jews would work but barely get fed if they were fed at all. The Jews would work until they were gassed, burned, shot, or died from malnutrition. On May 21st, 1935 Adolf Hitler announced, Germany has concluded a Non-Aggression Pact with Poland We shall adhere to it unconditionally we recognize Poland as the home of a great and nationally conscious people. Four years later, Adolf Hitler attacked Poland, beginning what is now called World War II. There were three specific events that helped lead to World War II. The attack by the Japanese on the naval base Pearl Harbor is what brought America into the war. The formation of the Nazi Party was also a reason for much turmoil in Europe. One of the biggest reasons for war in Europe was the ruling of Adolf Hitler. Hitler was able to take a small political party and turn it in to an outstanding army. Not many people know the real causes of World War II. This is one of the greatest events in our worlds history, and I believe everybody should know the facts about it.

finding neverland movie review Essay -- essays research papers

Analysis of Roger Ebert's â€Å"Finding Neverland† Film Review â€Å"Finding Neverland† is a recently released motion picture starring acclaimed actors Johnny Depp and Kate Winslet, and directed by Marc Forster ("Monsters Ball†) Personally, I loved the movie and It was hard to find a critic that gave the movie a negative review, so I stopped trying to find someone to argue with and I came across the king of all critics, Roger Ebert. I usually don't agree with his reviews, so I figured we would clash on this one, but surprisingly we came to agree on many aspects. He makes a point to mention Freddie Highmore and the remarkable job he did playing the angry but sad role of Peter. A very challenging role for a child that even most adult actors couldn't portray. He can make you feel so sad for him although he is acting like a brat most of the time, but he makes you feel the pain he's going through with the tears and sadness always running through his eyes. He also commends Johnny Depp for his â€Å"widely differing roles† bringing up characters Depp has played in the past which gives you a glance at how many different roles he has not only played, but was excellent in portraying. It is obvious Ebert was impressed by Depps performance but it seams he is giving the movie credit to Depp and ignoring the director. â€Å"For Depp, "Finding Neverland" is the latest in an extraordinary series of performances. After his Oscar nomi...

Argumentative Essay on Love

Flying around the world is an extravagance the majority of society may not be able to afford; life is chock-full of esoteric luxuries only a special association will enjoy fully. However, life does not have to encompass the additional commodities that people claim to be necessary. Throughout humanity there have been innumerous individuals who never delved into the most desired rarity-true love; much like the trips around the world, true love, is a nonessential of life. Although love is always sought after, as if life’s’ buried treasure, a human being can live in happiness without it.Many would argue that by not pursuing love, life would be eviscerated of its full meaning. Contrary to popular belief, it is an additional tangent of life that may or may not make matters foregoing. Strip a being of all â€Å"luxuries in life, and if you can [still] make someone smile and laugh, you have given the most special gift: happiness. † Having happiness present creates the sa me euphoric feeling that being in love can cause without running the risk of being emotionally dismantled by a divorce or breakup.More often then not love comes at much too high a price for every person to bare, not only can the cost be extraordinary but also at times a relentless barrage of sorrow. In order for someone to surpass the unrealistic goal of finding true love and obtaining it they must distract themselves. Society must focus on what is in front of it and remember, â€Å"We’re born alone, we live alone, [and] we die alone. Only through our love and friendship can we create the illusion for the moment that we’re not alone. † As great as love presents itself to be, the majority of todays’ American community is divorced.These once happily married couples believed in the luxury of marriage until the price became more than they had bargained for leaving a bitter taste of resentment. As a person grows from child to adult there is a realization that true love does exist. This realization turns into a formulated question, ‘is the cost of love make the venture worthwhile. ’ For many people across all generations love has been a hopeless endeavor, in George Orwell’s novel 1984 Winston Smith embarked on an adventure that didn’t bode well â€Å"’I betrayed you’ she [, Winston’s previous love,] said baldly. ‘I betrayed you’ he said.†After betraying one another they part ways to live their lives in a better manner than before. Winston and the women, Julia, were lovers who when put to the test proved true love does not exist except for as a luxury the inner party could afford. All in all, love is a luxury that cannot be afforded by the mass. Even though it could portray itself to be beneficial, in the end it is not worth the cost. Surely true love is a product that even the people with the most acumen are dumbfounded. Happiness is something that serendipitously found a nd can egregiously affect a human’s life meanwhile true love is accompanied by painful hardship.

Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency

Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency Introduction The purpose of this essay is to examine the empirical studies of the Social Learning Theory on juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency entails the term that is used to explain to young people who have not attained majority age and are involved in committing crimes. Delinquency refers to the failure to follow laws that are set by the state.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the sociological aspect of criminology, social interactions and individualism are the factors behind the juvenile delinquency. Usually, society does not exist as an island but rather different person interacts and this ensures that the society continues to exist. The social interaction theory and juvenile delinquency have been written extensively over the years and the studies have proved to be logically consistent and also useful in providing the empirical support. Thus, the studies play an important role of explaining all the social behaviors without which it is impossible to explain the causes of juvenile delinquency. The empirical studies of the Social Learning Theory on juvenile delinquency helps to provide an insight on the past, present as well as the future of criminology i.e. the study sheds light on the future directions of social interaction theory. The main aim of social interaction theories on juvenile delinquency is to explain how such social influences as religion, family and politics shapes a person over time. The social interaction theories on juvenile delinquency assume that interplay exists between an individual, the environment and delinquent acts. Explanatory concepts of social interaction theories on juvenile delinquency The social interaction theory on juvenile delinquency is comprised of four main explanatory concepts i.e. the differential association theory, definitions theory, imitatio n theory and differential reinforcement theory. Differentiation association theory is a social interaction theory that was formulated by Edwin Sutherland. According to this theory, people develops deviant behaviors by interacting and associating themselves with those who engages themselves in deviant behavior i.e. one can learn positive or negative behavior through interaction. Sutherland in his Differentiation Association Theory argued that juvenile delinquency is caused by observation and social interaction. According to this theory one is deemed to act in a deviant manner as a result of association with group members who favor juvenile delinquency than those members who value the societal norms. This theory, also argues that the familiy unit is the major source of learning behaviors.Thus,if ones’ familiy unit is made up of people who are engaged in deviant behaviors, then one is bound to develop the same kind of behaviors.Advertising Looking for research paper on c riminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also,the theory argues that one learns certain norms and behaviors through the internet, mass media e.t.c. formulating the differential association theory, Sutherland used three concepts i.e. the culture conflict, cultural transmission theory and the ecological transmission theory. The culture conflict concept explains the presence of many crimes in the society and also the progress towards becoming a criminal. Sutherland’s theory is thus important as it helps to explain the juvenile delinquency in the society (Morrison, 1995, P.51). Definitions theory was developed by Aker and it refers to a person’s orientations, explanations, justifications e.t.c. that explains as to whether morally right or incorrect. Definitions theory of juvenile delinquency is thus the process whereby one evaluates the rightfulness or wrongness of a particular action. According to this theory. The law definitions may be specific or general i.e. a person may obey law generally and in turn violate specific provisions of the law. Definitions are comprised of behaviors that are learned as a result of interactions and other societal norms that conforms the delinquent acts. Specific definitions render one to act in a certain manner and the more one learns specific or general attitudes, the higher the chances of engaging in delinquency acts (Krohn et.al. 2009, P.104). Imitations theory of juvenile delinquency refers to the process whereby one imitates behavioral characteristics of others by observing them. The imitation theory of social delinquency was modeled by Gabriel Tarde who a French criminologist.Tarde was held the view that the regional differences that exists in crime rates are as a result of local variations i.e. alcoholism and poverty and not as a result of biological factors. Tarde also argued that juvenile delinquency is a lifestyle that is learned through social i nteraction.Tarde in his imitation laws argued that juvenile delinquency is a function of interacting with people who have deviant behaviors. With this regards, a criminal undergoes through phases of apprenticeship which is similar to that of a lawyer or a doctor. Tarde came up with three laws that provided an account for the imitations and juvenile delinquency. The first imitations law holds that people tends to imitate others when they are near one another. Thus, imitation is eminent in most cities and towns that are densely populated. The second imitation law holds that those people who are inferiors tend to imitate their superiors. With this regards, juvenile delinquency originates from the superiors and later on, descends to lower ranks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third imitation law by Tarde holds that, it is poss ible to substitute fashions particularly when the two arises at the same time. The imitation theory of juvenile delinquency also held the view that crimes originates in the capital cities. For instance, carjacking, terrorist activities and other major crimes are prevalent in metropolitan cities as opposed to rural areas. Differential reinforcement theory of juvenile delinquency is concerned with the balance that exists between the punishments and rewards that occurs following a particular behavior. This balance plays a vital role in enabling individuals to behave in a particular manner.Thus,the more the rewards for juvenile delinquency, the higher the tendency to commit a crime and vice versa. Reinforcements and punishments can be nonsocial e.g. the direct consequences of alcoholism and drugs abuse. Causal factors of juvenile delinquency The youths use the social interactions among themselves as a means to commit crimes. The social interactions are a concern among many parents as th ey fear that their children may associate themselves in bad company and in turn commit delinquent acts. The social interaction among the deviant youths acts as a means through which the youths influence each other. The social learning theories that are presented by Akers, Sutherland and Marza explain that juvenile delinquencies occur in causal terms. The causal aspects of juvenile delinquency include the individual differences, social structures, cultural factors and social psychological (Burfeind, Bartusch, 2006, P.66).The individual differences includes the psychological and biological factors. Various studies of the social interaction theory on juvenile delinquency reveal that the familiy interaction plays an important role of promoting behaviors among young children. High strictness and low support contributes to juvenile delinquencies i.e. they causes an increase in post-punishment of the acts that were previously forbidden. Personality is interrelated with one’s suscep tibility to reward or punishment and therefore, the extraverts are usually less likely to acquire deviant behaviors. On the other hand, strong conditioning has the effect of causing inhibition of criminal behaviors particularly in environments that encourage juvenile delinquency.Thus,the success of social responsibility and socialized depends is largely dependent on ones’ conditionality. The studies have also considered IQ among offenders be the main reason behind juvenile delinquency (Kim, 2008, P.23). The social factors of juvenile delinquency include the inequalities and opportunities. Poverty and inequality has the effect of frustrating young people and in-turn causing them to engage in criminal activities. This is due to the fact that, they usually feel that inequality exist between what other people have and what the youth believe they ought to have. According to social control theory, delinquency arises when the social bonds are broken.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Travis Hirsch in his analysis came up with four elements of social bonds of an individual i.e. attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. Attachment is made of such aspects as sensitivity and affection for others. According to Travis, commitment included such acts as investing in conventional societies. Involvement entails spending a considerable amount of time on conventional duties whereas the belief is the extent upon which the youths feel they should abide by the laws. According to Hirsch’s ,one is less likely to engage in criminal activities if he or she is strongly attached to the teachers or parents.Also,a child who has dedicated his or her effort and time in schools’ conventional activity is likely to conform and rarely engages in delinquent acts. However,Hirschi used empirical data that was obtained from the adolescents self reports in testing his analysis of juvenile delinquency and this made his work to be considered as unique.Aker also noted that Hirsc h’s’ work was unusual as far as juvenile delinquency is concerned (Sutherland et.al.1992,P.71). The cultural factors that have been considered as risk factors with regards to juvenile delinquency include such aspects as societal norms that promote violence in resolving disputes. Studies that demonstrated the risky factors that cause juvenile delinquency were first conducted in the early 20th century. The research was first done in the analysis by Breckinridge and Abbott in 1922 and later in the analysis by Healy in 1915.However, the research findings by Breckinridge, Abbott and Healy are newly repeated in the analysis by Loeber and Farrington in 1998.Healy in his study argued that juvenile delinquencies begins at childhood i.e. all confirmed delinquents starts their careers in their early years. Healy also noted that the repeated offenders have the greatest impact in the society as a result of their offending frequencies. Healy emphasized on the importance of beginning the treatment at an early period.Afterwards, Loeber and Farrington in their studies argued that juvenile delinquency arises through the interaction of the following factors i.e. individual, contextual, and situational as well as the community factor. They also pointed out that serious juvenile offenders starts to display their juvenile delinquency at childhood and thus there is need for early intervention.However, Loeber and Farrington in their studies contended that the juvenile offenders poses a greater challenge with regards to the juvenile justice policies due to the fact that they are responsible for virtually all the criminal activities in the society (Rosenheim, 2002, P.201-203). Juvenile delinquency and time With regards to the studies of social learning theory on juvenile delinquency history, there is a pattern that is revealed.Thus, the old studies of social learning theory on juvenile delinquency are usually discarded and they are deemed to be inadequate and outdated. Mu ch emphasis is given to new studies due to the reason that crime as well as juvenile delinquency are keep on changing with time.However, this concept is rarely studied systematically and the empirical studies of the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency have suggested that juvenile delinquency does not change with time. Primarily, juvenile delinquency involves property crimes rather than violence and its exhibited by males. Such activities usually start at a very early age and fully peaks at teenage. The delinquent acts are more common in children from poor background and in major cities and towns. As far as many young people engage in juvenile delinquency, only a few of them commits serious offenses regularly. This implies that juvenile delinquency have remained the same over the years (Bruce et.al. 2000, P.422). However, the conceptions regarding juvenile delinquency have greatly changes over the years even though the extent and nature of delinquent behaviors have remaine d them same. The reasons behind juvenile delinquency have largely been attributed the broken social bonds. However, the manner in which the theorists and researchers interpret data concerning the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency has changed (Bruce, et.al. 2000, P.33). Conclusion An empirical study of the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency reveals that several patterns have emerged over the past few years. The conceptions concerning juvenile delinquency have changed in that the past decade has seen criminals using guns in carrying out their criminal activities. There have been changes too regarding the reasons behind juvenile delinquency. The biological aspects such as IQ have however been considered as the main reason behind juvenile delinquency. The empirical study of the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency has found out that delinquent behaviors are strongly linked with family variables. The empirical studies revealed that delinquent behaviors begin at childhood but they have failed to explain the adult outcomes among the offenders. Reference List Bruce, D et.al. (2000). Juvenile delinquency: historical, cultural, and legal  Perspectives. Amststerdam: Elsevier. Burfeind, J. Bartusch, J. (2006). Juvenile delinquency: an integrated  Approach. London: Jones Bartlett Learning. Kim, H. (2008). Juvenile delinquency and youth crime.Hauppauge: Nova Publishers. Krohn, M. et al. (2009). Handbook on Crime and Deviance. Berlin: Springer. Morrison, W. (1995).Theoretical Criminology.London: Routledge. Rosenheim, M. (2002). A century of juvenile justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sutherland, E.et.al. (1992). Principles of Criminology. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield.

Palestinian Women Research Paper Essays

Palestinian Women Research Paper Essays Palestinian Women Research Paper Essay Palestinian Women Research Paper Essay Palestinian Women Taking Risks Israelis and Palestinians have produced a crucial conflict that has been going on since 1987 known as the Intifada. In history, their considerations, thoughts, and feelings of Palestinian women were not taken into thought when the attacks from Israel began. The Gaza Strip had violent disturbances happening between Palestine and Israel that began in early December 1967. The Palestinian’s have had two Intifada that have been violent killing millions of people and continues to go on (Rigby 1). With all the violent attacks that were going within Palestine and Israel, Palestinian women were tired of being cooped up and brought out what they are capable of. These women found out that they were more powerful than what they had imagined. The war has allowed them to discover new roles and much more through the invasion of Palestine and even though the war is terrible, it has had some positive effects on women: they are able to take risks. When Israelis started invading Palestinian’s lives, some dramatic effects and changes were added to their life, they were exposed to immense violence and started having boundaries to where they could go. Palestinian people were prevented from living in their own villages and towns. There were times that Palestinian’s workplaces were ten minutes away; it will take them from two hours to sometimes days to get there (My Home, My Prison). Palestinians economic survival has become a big issue, since they are not allowed to go into certain places; it is hard for them to find jobs and to support their family. Funds had been considerably cut down even to the events that had once benefited women. An unspecified amount of women’s organizations were beginning to struggle and day-care centers started to close down (Gluck 212). Palestinian’s lives were beginning to fall apart with all the restrictions and they were not happy: especially the women. Women had been struggling the most because of their beliefs and traditions. Palestinian women have dealt with a harsh culture, in which they usually have to endure a different life from men. In order to support their family, some families would rather have their daughters drop out of high school or not continue on to college so they could marry at a young age. Women are more sacrificed and are forced to wear more restrictive clothing than men (Gluck 212). Women’s traditional society has not yet changed since from their grandmother’s or their mother’s years. The fact still remains that men have had a higher status than women. One of the women’s main purposes in their tradition is to prepare their sons for the future in which they have to hold the responsibility of taking care of the money and the family (Warnock 20-21). The women are automatically often thought of as being a wife and needing the protection of a man. Women were looked upon as fragile and not independent of a man. According to the men, the women’s job was to be the wife, and in exchange the men would support her with food and clothing. As stated in the Palestinian belief, once a woman got married, the wife grew independent from her parents and became dependent on her husband. If her husband happened to die, she must remain with his family. But if the husband happened to leave her or divorce her, she could go back to the care of her father or a male member of the family. Throughout the year’s women have suffered through their share of hardships facing evacuation, family loss, and many more deprivations. Palestinian women went through a lot of difficulties turning them into victims; in which they had no voice and felt the preoccupation that their social position includes (Warnock 18). The women have been through pain and are often portrayed as powerless women. People did not specifically envision women taking charge and standing up for their rights and beliefs. Multiple groups of women have gathered and created committees to help other women overachieve in their ways of life. The groups and committees were made for political progress to help the innocent people make changes in their lives. Women had begun to take charge with new programs and propositions to help the Palestinian people. Palestinian women have done programs to help the Palestinians move forward. Two women separately founded a Centre and a Committee dedicated to Women’s Studies (Gluck 211). Both committees were dedicated to undertake, support all the analysis and research of whatever the activist women’s committees required (Gluck 211). Within the committees, the women accomplished different things. The Palestinian women tried to improve themselves by having discussions on books they wanted to read; they offered reading classes to illiterate the women. The committees tried to give women control over their own lives. If someone wanted to visit around their neighborhood, they would supply the people with an interpreter to go with them (Rigby 22). The committees tried their best to draw out the women’s strengths. Women started to speak out and people began to notice. Women inaugurated the movement and spoke out at the conferences about their personal experiences and life stories. Just as soon as women were becoming more open with their way of life, the women’s organizations started to stumble. â€Å"Lip service was paid to the importance of dealing with sexual harassment, wife battering, and the resumption of early marriage and dowries, but still the women’s committees seemed unable to transcend their factional differences- a problem that historically has plagued feminist-nationalist movements† (212 Gluck). Some people still had the idea of keeping women vulnerable and dependent on others. Women have been â€Å"perceived as weak, less intelligent, emotional, lacking self-control, amoral, unable to defend their families’ honour or deal with the harshness and complexities of the world outside the home† (Warnock 23). Women still took their stand and claimed that it was the women’s turn to have a say and control what they feel with no problem. With the war going on, they could not stand to be just seen as defenseless. When the Israeli army came and invaded Palestinian’s homes, they did not care who they injured, even if they were women, just as long as they got what they wanted. Once they beat a woman who was pregnant just to get her house. The Israeli army beat her so bad that she lost her baby and her home (My Home, My Prison). They had to take action and do something about it. The movement of the women had brought many opinions into the air. On January 27, 2000 the first Palestinian woman exploded herself with a bomb to only kill one Israeli and hurting about a hundred others (Baraoud 36). Women’s thoughts and actions had now been converted into something more powerful. They were also willing to provide support and stand strong within their own ideas, without being brought down. There are many different stories of woman that really took action upon this war. As the attacks kept on coming from Israel, it only made Palestinian women stronger. Raymonda Hawa Talil became more determined when the war between Israel and Palestine started getting to the extreme. Raymonda was born in Palestine and became an activist and journalist. She definitely was one of those special women who stood up for what she believed in. When the attacks got real bad for the Palestinian people, Raymonda convinced her neighbor to accompany her to a meeting. Raymonda told her neighbor that if she stood there and did nothing she will die, and if she did something she would die as well, so she might as well die doing something good. Later on both ladies convinced the mayor and the Israeli government to provide the Palestinians at the refugee camps with food. In that moment is when Raymonda started to rise and take action. She would hold meetings in her house inviting both the Israeli and Palestinian people. It was interesting enough that she was the only woman in the meetings and she was usually the one managing the meetings. Raymonda became a strong and powerful woman that she was always surrounded by journalists and was always the center of attention. The Israeli government did not like what she was doing that they put her on house arrest because she was risking military’s security. That did not stop Raymonda and she still managed to have people come to her home and keep things going. Raymonda won great admiration from all different kinds of people because she was a woman and traveled around without her husband to protect her. Unfortunately Raymonda had to leave Palestine in 1985 due to a bombing to her car, which caused her to move to Paris with her family. Raymonda never gave up fighting for her people though even when she was under the worst conditions (My Home, My Prison). Other women as well had to sacrifice things and fought for what they believed in. Umm Raqayya is a hard worker and encouraged the activism for the Seamstresses’ Union. Her house had been tear down by the Israeli army and right away she took action of looking for help. She went ahead and talked to â€Å"lawyers, the Red Cross and any other institution or agency capable of assisting the family and the community in these hard times† (Giacaman amp; Johnson 156). Raqayya wanted to make sure she was doing everything in her power to help out her people. She was one of the several of women that went against the representation of being the law-abiding woman that was required of them. Women’s participation in the activism for women’s movement was becoming important. Having to change to the political life had been something that the women started to consider and become associated with it (Giacaman amp; Johnson 157). Within the Intifada, the woman has been given the role of taking care of her family. Women are expected to elevate â€Å"community-based health care, neighbourhood education projects, the ‘home economy’ and other forms of constructive work† (Rigby 2). Before the Intifada women had a role of maintaining their family’s honour by keeping her sexual purity. If she got married, there had to be proof of her innocence. In the old days, the defloration of the women was a public event. In some cases male guests would watch through a window. Most of the time, the proof consisted of sheets with the stain of blood. Women are not able to show any skin, and cover up most of their body to confirm their celibacy (Warnock 23-31). Some women decided to take action with the conflict between Israel and Palestine. These groups were mostly the committees and groups of women that are taking a stand. There were areas where women made a â€Å"snatch squad† (Rigby 22) that were meant to rescue children and young people from the Israeli soldiers. Those women could have been looked upon as heroes and courageous standing up to the Israeli army. That was not all some group of women did; they also attacked the Israeli soldiers. The women mostly attacked the soldiers when they would hold kids as hostages. â€Å"So the soldier doesn’t know whether to pay attention to the stones or the women screaming or the boys† (Rigby 22). The only bad thing about that kind of confrontation would be that sometimes, the women would be able to get away with it. Women are beginning to have a voice and take charge. Having both the Intifadas happen has made women take a stand and actually try to fight it off. Even though it may not seem as if they are not doing much, they really are. Palestinian culture expects a woman to just be a housewife and not really do much. But with the woman making committees and organizing different kinds of events without the help of man, is a big step they are taking. Palestinian women are willing to sacrifice their lives for what they believe in; they are taking risks that no one ever thought they would. Not just women are taking a stand but they are influencing kids as well. There is a song that they sing to support the Palestinians: Give me the flag of Palestine To wear on my forehead If they ask who I am I’m Palestinian. Put poison in my food; I’ll eat it If they imprison me I will not care. My prison is small. My victory is great. -Kids from Palestine (My Home, My Prison)

History of olympic games Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of olympic games - Term Paper Example The system in vogue then was, the Spartan messages were particularly carried by naked runners and they ran between the city-states. Travel light was one of the purposes of their nakedness and also to prove that they did not carry anything unlawful except the message. Thus they were able to run one hundred miles in one day, ensuring the speedy delivery of the messages. Training athletes began with gymnastic exercises a month before the Olympics were to commence. Total nakedness was considered as homage to the gods and gratitude for the male form. It was sort of a security check that women camouflaged as males did not participate in the games. The procedure at the starting point of the race differed much as compared to the present practice in vogue. Twenty contenders stood erect with their arms extended in front of them. The race would be re-run, if the first resulted in a tie. Peace was the watchword during the ancient Olympic Games. It was known as â€Å"ekecheiria†, meaning à ¢â‚¬Å"holding of hands.† Safety of the competitors and spectators was assured and all wars, mutual threats and capital punishment stood suspended during the course of games. The ancient Olympic Games were linked to warfare as per the specially adopted procedure. The participants would run 800 yards in full body armor. Thus it was a competition of strength clubbed with speed. That was also to remind all concerned about the physical demands of warfare. In the 3nd century AD, virgins were allowed entry to the Olympic Games as spectators. But for the married women traced watching the game, it was inviting death. They would be thrown off the cliff at Mount Trypeum. Punishment for cheating was almost instant. Judges carried a switch to beat the frauds they were able to catch. Those who indulged in malpractices were fined and bribery and fixing of bets were punishable offences. Complaints regarding corruption were properly investigated and punishment was severe. The participating ath letes mostly did not receive any monetary rewards but were hailed as the proud boys of the city. Sometimes, olive oil, and vases were given as prizes. Star athletes received special favors from the state. Politicians of the state met the expenses of the participating athletes. The ancient Olympics were abolished in 393 A.D. The Olympic Games were revived in 1896.A Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin, is considered as the father of the modern Olympics and he founded the International Olympic Committee. The Olympic flag, and its five rings, was first flown at the 1920 games in Antwerp, Belgium. After that launch, the flag has been flown at every Olympic event, both summer and winter, ever since. This icon is one of the most widely recognized signs in the word today. The place to hold the first Olympic Games was Athens, Greece. The Games became truly international when for the first time in 1912, for the Games in Stockholm, Sweden, athletes representing five continents participated. World W ar I interrupted the Olympics in 1916. But in 1920, Games were held in Antwerp, Belgium. The significance of Olympic Rings The five rings signify the five continents that take part in the Olympic Games

Godly Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Godly Purpose - Essay Example As creatures created in God’s image, humans have a unique opportunity to fulfill divine purpose in their lives. Some never move beyond self-gratification and seek only to achieve worldly success measured by cultural conceptions. God created all humans in his image. This applies whether a person chooses to believe in God or not. God created humans to have a capacity for a relationship with him, to be able to think and feel affection and emotion, and with the ability to think, understand, and determine morality. From the very beginning, God’s plan included humans, with a desire to create a being that could relate to him. He said, â€Å"Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness,† indicating a purpose to his decisions that mankind â€Å"may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground† (New International Version, Genesis 1.26). One may never re alize the divine opportunity that humanity offers. Instead of embracing a life that honors God and fulfills his divine purpose, one may choose to accept a lifestyle that relies on cultural conceptions such as economics, social constructs, survival, sexuality, and self-gratification. ... not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed, because these are improper for God’s holy people.  Nor should there be obscenity, foolish talk or coarse joking, which are out of place, but rather thanksgiving† (Eph 3.3-4). In addition to identifying activity and behaviors to avoid, God also provides a guide of what he expects if one is to live in a way that mirrors his image. Through the words of Paul, he communicates, â€Å"I urge you to live a life worthy of the calling you have received.  Be completely humble and gentle; be patient, bearing with one another in love.  Make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace† (Eph 4.1-3). In Romans, one is encouraged to â€Å"not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind† (Rom 12.2). Throughout the Bible, God provides one with instruction and encouragement. Promises temper what may appear to be a daunting task to one encumbered by the intrinsic weaknesses and frailty of humankind. Paul communicates one such promise in a letter to the church at Corinthians, saying, â€Å"And we all, who with unveiled faces contemplate  the Lord’s glory, are being transformed into his image with ever-increasing glory, which comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit† (2 Cor 3.18). These promises provide one with hope, even when individual choices and actions make adhering to God’s design a challenge. The promises indicate that God understands and accepts the imperfections of humans as long as they are working toward his will. One must set an example for others to follow. The Bible uses the analogy of light to demonstrate how one can do this. Paul states, â€Å"For you were once darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Live as children of