Hello My fellow classmates Essay

1.You have a friend who is of Jewish heritage; however, she has no religious belief. She asks you why, if God is good, He permitted the Holocaust to happen. What would you tell her? 2.You want to convince your professor that the reading load he has assigned is too heavy, given that you also have to write a research paper. You are asking him to eliminate one book from the class assignments so that you can concentrate on your own research. 3.You are writing an article for a theological journal arguing that heaven and hell must be understood as literal, physical places (as opposed to metaphorical or symbolic states of mind). 4.You want to start exercising for 30 minutes per day, but your spouse doesn’t want to. How would you kindly convince your spouse to join you? 5.You are reviewing a book manuscript for a university press. Although the book is skillfully and stylishly written, you think it may obscure or leave out some important facts that need to be pointed out. How would you point this out (without suggesting the book is bad and shouldn’t be accepted)?

Examples of how changes in the environment affect organisations Essay

According to Rob Watkins (2008) organisations are entities made up of interrelated parts which are intertwined with the outside world (the external environment). Business organizations and firms have to be wary of external influences that can affect their organization this can be a positive affect or negative effect. There are many factors that have an impact on the way organizations operate. Thus where an organization suffers from an external influence they need to adapt their products or services. Pestle stand for ‘Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. In this report I am going to use 4 articles which are about a specific firm and discuss how each one suffers from one of the factors of the PESTLE analysis 1.Tube gets first Wi-Fi connection at Charing Cross 1.1Technology is one external factor from the PESTLE analysis, The article is about project Wi-Fi which is about the introduction of the first Wi-Fi access in London undergrounds by the company BT. The company I’m going to talk about is BT, they aim to put on a six-month trial which will allow commuters to connect to the internet while on the train, and enable them to check emails and browse the net. Investment in technology and innovation is seen as a key success for an enterprise (Rob Watkins, 2008, p10). BT trialling Wi-Fi on the tube is going to have a positive effect on its sale for broadband as more customers are going to be enticed by its additional benefit of using the broadband service on the tube while travelling for example to work. 1.2The article states how the service will be free for BT broadband customers as a result this may gain them a competitive advantage against the likes of other competitors such as Talk Talk and Virgin. The reason for this would be because customers might be more inclined to switch to BT internet service for this extra feature they provide that no other internet services offer. As the maturity of technology is developing and the use of technology is increasing, this means that BT are able promote their service and attract a wide range of internet users and become even more popular within the nation. 1.3Though this new implementation of technology can be very advantageous it does have its disadvantages, for example one disadvantage in this case is the implementation of Wi-Fi in the underground could put the city at risk of terrorist attacks and with the Olympics coming up it raises huge security concern. 1.4One Advantage of Wi-Fi in the tube would be more efficient as it would allow customers to check their email, complete some work they could be doing in the office, in the tube thus saving them time that could be better used by allowing them to do more work in the office that could improve the overall performance and making the company more money. 2.Nintendo hit as high Yen takes its toll on business 2.1Economic factor is another external influence from the PESTLE analysis, an organization has to be wary of these factors as it can have consequences on the businesses aggregate performance. For example the article states how due to the price of the Yen increasing this has caused Nintendo sales revenue to diminish as they are hit by the high ‘value’ of the Yen. The rising value of the Yen reduces the value of profits made abroad when converted back to the Japanese Yen. 2.2In all cases of changes in demand and supply the resulting changes in price act as both signals and incentives, a fall in demand is signalled by a fall in price, therefore this acts as incentive for firms to produce less of goods as they are now less profitable to produce. (Rob Watkins, 2008 pg 291). The article also states Nintendo sales also fell first half of the year partly due to lower demand for its Wii console. This will act as an incentive for Nintendo to stop producing more Wii consoles. 2.3Japan has little they can do with their currency, they are able to intervene in the currency market and do a lot of rounds of quantitative easing. However, this will not have lasting effects as competitive devaluation means it will be a race to the bottom as much larger countries, such as the US and China to also devalue which will only lead to temporary increases thus causing all parties to lose in the end. It’s also an expensive move that will ultimately return very little. Currency fluctuations are unavoidable as developing nations grow and weakening the Yen will only be a temporary solution for Japan. 3.Water to be tested from BP Oil Spill’ 3.1Environmental influence is another external factor from the PESTLE analysis, Environmental considerations are an important influence on business behaviour, particularly for the large companies. It is argued that businesses have a duty that goes beyond the organization and to a corporate social responsibility, particularly with regard to the environment. â€Å"Corporate social responsibility means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities and their environment† (Rob Watkins, 2008, p652). 3.2The news article is about the ecological impact the BP oil spill caused to the waters, this article concerns that of south of New Orleans, US coast guard reported seeing an area of discoloured water which could be from the oil spill.. Overall this disaster has had negative impacts on the environment and also the company shares and profits had fallen dramatically. The discharge of oil spill on the Gulf of Mexico has also had major health concerns. 3.3Environmental disasters can cause the government to get involved; the government tend to impose heavy penalties which often have unfortunate consequence for the company. All countries have environmental laws and policies based on a regulatory regime imposed by governments at different spatial levels (Economics for business, Ian Worthington, Chris Britton, Andy Rees P435). 3.4Environmental factors can have consequences on small firms that operate within the affected areas. For example the article states s that â€Å"local fishermen have reported seeing miles-long strings of weathered oil on the sea†. This disaster can affect animals and their habitats in the sea and thus can have negative impact on local fishermen’s supply and livelihood. 4.EU to launch Google search investigation 4.1The legal factor is another influence from the PESTLE analysis; Businesses operate within a framework of law which has a significant impact on various aspects of their existence (Rob Watkins, 2008 Pg 11). This article states â€Å"The EU launched a formal investigation into Google following allegations that the internet giant has abused its dominant position in the search and advertising market†. Clearly the external factor here concerns monopoly, monopoly is defined as â€Å"†. The monopolist has considerable market power and can determine price or quantity (The Business Environment, Rob Watkins, 2008). 4.2The problem with monopoly is it disrupts the free market because it creates a dead weight loss. Dead weight loss is defined as â€Å"the loss of consumer plus producer surplus in imperfect markets† In this case for example if Google manage to monopolize the advertising industry this will have serious consequence on businesses trying to establish themselves as Google will be able to price how much they went to advertise a company The problem with monopoly is it disrupts the freemarket because it creates a dead weight loss Once u has market domination in that field the business can do whatever they want and don’t innovate because they don’t need to Can act as an incentive Reference Worthington, I., Britton, C. And Rees, A. (2001) Economics for Business, Blending Theory and Practice (Essex): Pearsons Education Limited http://www.cityam.com/news-and-analysis/nintendo-hit-high-yen-takes-its-toll-business http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/oct/29/tube-wifi-charing-cross http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/30/google-search-eu-investigation http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/nov/09/oil-spill-inquiry-culture-complacency-bp http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/water-to-be-tested–for-oil-from-bp-spill-2115657.html

6 charts show wide economic gulf between races (memo format) Article

6 charts show wide economic gulf between races (memo format) - Article Example We further-for clarity and simplicity purpose-discuss each subsection in terms of the previous year situational and the current year situation. Going a notch higher, we critically compare and contrast the situations at the beginning through the trend and to the end of year 2011 as follows. A critical examination of the persons above 18 years saw a declining trend from 70% rate for whites to 60% percent between years 1960 to 2011. On the other hand, the blacks also indicated a diminishing trend from 60% to 30% marriage rates between different races. The gap at the beginning was recorded as 13 Pts and widened to 24 Pts. A remarkable progress was made in terms of the number of both races, with initial gap being 23 Pts in 1960 and decreasing to 18 Pts in 2011. The Blacks initially were at 70% and the Whites at 90% which slightly decreased to about 87% for the Whites and 67% for Blacks. A 5 Pts change was seen while contrasting the level of disparity under homeownership segregation. At the beginning of year 1980, the Whites owned about 70% and this rose to about 73% in year 2011. On the other hand, about 47% was initially owned by the Blacks which merely changed. Above the age of 25, both races are seen to almost equal in terms statistics available. An initial gap of 24 Pts in 1960 has been narrowed to 7 Pts at the close of the year 2011. To add on the same, an increasing trend in terms of education is noted for both the races. In respect to life expectancy at birth for the two races, the gap has been minimized to a mere difference of 4 years in 2011 from the previous gap of 7 years in 1960. The trend increases and this will reduce further to equalize. At the presidential election, the trend has really changed with the blacks taking the lead to vote. A negative relationship is seen at the close of year 2011 where a negative change of 3

U.S. Health care System vs. Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. Health care System vs. Canada - Essay Example In both countries, the process of health care development was neither linear nor smooth (Boychuk, 2005; Cunningham, 2003). The two neighboring countries, Canada and the United States have created health care systems that are very distinct. Kovner, Knickman and Jonas (2008) write that the system of health care delivery in the U.S. works along two different lines: one which helps to keep people healthy and another one comprising activities directed at dealing with health issues, once they occur. In its current state, the system of care delivery in American health care is characterized by (1) the growing role of institutions and medical professionals, (2) dramatic advances in medical technologies and electronic communications, (3) the existing tensions between big business and caring for patients, and (4) dysfunctional payment and financing. The latter, according to Kovner et al (2008) means that the U.S. system of health care is extremely expensive to maintain, and that insurance makes the system of payments to hospitals physicians extremely complex. The financing mix of U.S. health care looks as follows: 28% in direct taxes, 7.4% in indirect taxes, 35.5% in general taxes, 13.3% in social insurance, with private insurance and direct payments making up the rest (Wagstaff & Doorslaer, 1998). Unlike the United States, Canada gives its clinicians unprecedented autonomy in where they want to work and what set of medical services they are willing to deliver (Deber, 2003). A single-payer system, Canadian health care has been particularly successful in reducing its administrative costs (Woolhandler, Campbell & Himmelstein, 2003). Where the United States health care operates as a combination of public and private insurance options (Jensen et al,...health care. Recent advances in the Canadian system of health care can teach the United States a good lesson of economy and efficiency at a national scale. The current state of literature provides abundant information about health care progress in the United States. According to Cunningham (2003), the history of U.S. health care dates back to the end of the 19th century, when acute infections, the lack of medical technologies and social organization urged the creation of a national system of health care. The U.S. health care emerged in response to broad health challenges in 19th century America. By contrast, the evolution of the health care system in Canada was a logical process initiated by the earliest policy developments and propositions in Saskatchewan (Boychuk, 2005). In both countries, the process of health care development was neither linear nor smooth (Boychuk, 2005; Cunningham, 2003). The two neighboring countries, Canada and the United States have created health care systems that are very distinct. The American and Canadian systems of health care are equally different and alike. Advanced and sophisticated, both systems rely on the principles of efficiency and quality care. However, in distinction from the U.S., Canada pursues a rigid distinction between private and public health care.

Useing Pace University Strategic Plan (ON PACE WEB), Case Study

Useing Pace University Strategic Plan (ON PACE WEB), - Case Study Example The institution is divided into different colleges such as Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, College of Health Professions, Lubin School of Business, School of Law, School of Education and Seidenberg School of Computer Science and Information Systems (About Pace University, 2014). Currently Pace University has significant resources to help individuals in achieving their dreams. The University operates with an overall idea of creating opportunities for its students. After World War II the administration particularly focused on introducing modern arts and science while strengthening the leadership, management, facilities and resources of the organization. This subsequently helped Pace in acquiring the status of one of the Largest Universities in the New York City (About Pace University, 2014). In next five to ten years the university is expected to increase its services in the field of skills development because entrepreneurship is gaining recognition all over the world and students are investing their energies in establishing their businesses. This is further supported by the advent of modern technology. Moreover, skills development has also become necessary for contemporary students on the basis of increased competition. Other than this the university needs t o enhance its facilities for meeting the requirements of ever increasing number of students. This can be done through developing more colleges while strengthening the overall infrastructure of the university. Pace University was established with a profound vision of educating students and preparing them to excel in wide range of professions (Vision and Mission, 2014). This is actually the vision of best universities in USA which make them stand apart from rest of the world. In broader perspective the organization’s mission is to provide graduate and undergraduate education to a large number of students while also offering

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Management - Essay Example While performing analysis of my work history and my related experience, I learnt that by understanding management theories like Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg motivation theory and equity theory I became a better worker as I was able to assess the factors that motivated and de-motivated me. I have worked in a security agency full time for around five years now. During this period, I have worked in security for two years and later on I was rotated to the management department. During the first two years of my employment, it was difficult for me to adjust as work conditions were not amiable and I did not get along well with my manager. Due to these differences, I was least motivated to come over to work let along giving my 100 percent input towards the job. Although salary package and other benefits were market-competitive and the job was stable even during times of recession however it was not fulfilling for me. Secondly, due to differences with my manager, I was also fi nding it hard to be a part of special assignments since the guidelines were not clear or his attitude was not acceptable for me. As a result, my relationship with other co-workers was also getting strained. I shared my discontent with my HR manager and how I would wish to stay with the company but things were getting difficult. After listening to my concerns and checking out my performance record, HR department rotated me to the management department. After a while, I liked my work and also the work environment in the deportment. I realized that manager was also very considerate. In fact, he used to pay personal consideration to every team member and also treat them after considering their personal needs. After spending an year in this department, I came to know that one of my friends who was also at the same position, was getting more salary than me which lowered my motivation for a little while despite other work related elements remaining the same. After talking to my department manager in an appraisal meeting, I shared my expectations with them and received the desired raise. These changes in my motivation level made me analyze the factors that had a tendency of affecting my willingness to work effectively and efficiently with the same company. For this purpose, I studied few management theories and tried to identify basic reasons behind changes in my motivation level. In the beginning of my career, I was content with my work and also with the working conditions. However, my tolerance for adverse working conditions changed after my friend told me about other positions. Analyzing my attitude towards work conditions in the light of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, I realized that my basic physiological, safety and belonging needs were fully satisfied since I had other opportunities along with family support (Torrington, Laura and Stephen 313). Therefore, I needed more esteem at workplace as the attitude of manager was not conducive enough. I realized that satisfaction of basic needs has an important role in other overall satisfaction level regarding work. Secondly, when I was shifted in the management department, I found the work conditions very amiable. Although salary, benefits and other facilities remained the same but nature of work became very interesting as manager was really supportive. Studying Herzberg theory helped me understanding that

Women In Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women In Artwork - Essay Example There are also several transformations that have taken place in the artwork field, particularly in the 21st century as many artists have turned to use of technology in designing images and expressing peoples beauty. Apparently, its only a few sculptors that have been left in the field art. Additionally, the demand for sculptures has reduced as people are currently using digital cameras to make images, particularly in 3D images. In this essay paper, an evaluation is discussed on the role of women in art and the various transformations taking place in the field of art. Venus figurine, also known as Venus of Willendorf, for instance, is a statuette that can be traced back in the upper Paleolithic. The statuette, unearthed in Europe, is designed to portray a body of a woman though with some physical features being exaggerated. The sculpture is said to have existed since the gravetian period from 22,000 to 28,000 years back. Materials used for the sculpture included; soft stone such as limestone and steatite, as well as bones or ivory and fired clay. Nefertiti Bust is another renowned artifacts discovered in Egypt during the historical archeological activities by a German archeological team. Nefertiti bust is believed to have been an image of a royal wife of Egypt, in the Pharaoh Akhenaten royal family. Its also believed to be 3,300 years made of limestone and created by a sculptor well known as Thutmose. Cyclades is a renowned island on the southeastern part of Greece with a rich history on artwork, particularly on the discovery of Cyclades Figurines Getty Villa artifacts. In the mid-2000s B.C, a pregnant female figure, with the characteristics of the Spedos and Dokathismata was discovered through archeological activities in the Cyclades Island. Apparently, the artifact is displayed at Getty Villa gallery, it also said to be made of marble and created by Schuster Master In the modern age today, many artist and sculptors have continued to

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics - Assignment Example Phil covered up his ill intentions by saying that the tidy sum would enhance a complete system overhaul. Fraud is a common unethical issue among firms that aim to make money through unscrupulous activities (Richardson p 18). Kevin’s intentions were not for the good of the company, but for his personal satisfaction. Fraud affects a company’s financial statements. It is much more expensive to cover-up fraud when the financial statements are undergoing audit procedures. 2. Fraudulent activities in Empress Luxury Lines have a material impact on various stakeholders. Kevin Pfeiffer, the computer technician is likely to get fired for two reasons; first, he declined Phil’s order to dig up nearly all the underground wires and cables. Phil is Kevin’s supervisor who has the authority to dismiss him on grounds of declining to perform duties (which is also a fraudulent activity by Phil). Secondly, Kevin was still a new hire under probation. He was well aware that failure to heed to Phil’s orders would have dire consequences on his career. His job was at stake as it is evident from what he told Antonio that his integrity did not matter. The orders he declined were performed by Matt, who would also benefit from the abhorrent actions. The insurance company would also have suffered from fraud. The insurance company was defrauded sums thirty times more of what would have been the real amount. Antonio claimed that he had heard rumours that the company successfully defrauded insurance companies before he arrived. Phil’s fraudulent activities brought truth to those allegations. The fraudulent activities had adverse effects on the company’s shareholders and financiers; the main source of capital for the company. The financial statements they received did not reflect a truthful and fair financial operation of the business. In fact, the parties involved in the fraudulent activities

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Macroeconomics - Essay Example The outcome of these models is a comprehensive understanding of the business cycles and the economic growth in the long run and the short run respectively. These results in turn help the government and the central bank of the economy to determine the policies that would be ideal for an economy in a particular scenario. The government of a country and the central bank act as the major policy making bodies in an economy and thus their roles in the molding of the economic system of a country are quite significant. This essay analyses some of the popular macroeconomic models that have been widely discussed over a long period of time. The analyses have been supported by the relevant figures, graphs and mathematical representations. However, before discussing the macroeconomic models it is essential to enumerate the basic concepts that would come up in any macroeconomic discussion. The most important macroeconomic variable is the national income of a country. It is the value added of the total goods and services produced in the specific duration of time. The total output translates to the income and therefore the national income is identified with the Gross Domestic Product of the economy (Arnold 113). The progress of an economy depends on the growth rate of this GDP. But there may not be a consistent level of growth in an economy. The variation in the growth rates are caused by the changes in the business cycles. The fall in the national product during any such cycle can be termed as recession. The other important variables include the rate of unemployment. This is the number of people in the economy who have the potential to get employed but have remained unemployed. On the other hand the increase in the price level of the economy is termed as inflation (Rossi 121). The monetary policy of an economy is a measure to control this

LEARNING STYEL ENGLISH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

LEARNING STYEL ENGLISH - Essay Example n easy job especially as it requires a lot of patience and practice but it can be made easier and the goal can be achieved quickly if the teaching style is made according to the learning style of an individual and this is what Strategic Inventory Learning Language is all about. Learning of language in the best way can be done by first recognizing our own learning style and then working on that pattern. Learning styles can be observed by an individual or simply by the learning style checklist. Mostly our learning styles are developed at very early stages may be at pre-school time or elementary school years. I found out from the learning style checklist that I am a Visual Learner meaning that my learning abilities are best with the aid of pictures, graphs and images. I believe this is because from the very beginning of my schooling my parents and teachers emphasized on teaching me through practical means rather than just reading books. Usually our learning styles are at sub-conscious level therefore before working to improve learning abilities it is important to recognize our style. A strategic inventory for language learning is a formalized tool that answers the question of what method is best for one particular learner, or group of learners, to learn a foreign language. According to the author Strategic Inventory Learning Language is grouped into five strategies which are memory strategy, cognitive strategy, compensation strategy, meta-cognitive strategy, affective strategy and social strategy (Griffiths and Parr 251). Usually we follow one or two of the strategies sub-consciously. To realize our strategy we can observe our learning and studying habits or simply fill the SILL questionnaire. I found out that my sub-conscious SILL is Cognitive Strategies; which is that I read for pleasure in English to increase my vocabulary and to ensure quick and right sentence formation, also I try to find patterns in English which enables me to easily converse in the language.

Capitalism Discursive Essay Example for Free

Capitalism Discursive Essay Capitalism is a system that promises equality for all, but some believe that this is only a promise of false hope. The way that people view this statement varies. The view that capitalism is a system that only benefits those who are already wealthy is a concern that many have. While this view is held by many people, others believe that capitalism is beneficial since it provides ways to move from social class to another social class. In school, one always tries to achieve passing grades to advance to the next level, but what if capitalism were to prevent this â€Å"advancing to the next level† in our social classes? The opponents of capitalism make the claim that capitalism leaves us in the same social class that is determined due to our money. The claim is that we can’t move out of our current social class because capitalism doesn’t allow us to rise in class because it only makes the richer rich and the poor poorer. The poor aren’t allowed to gain the skills that can make them richer, and leaves only those in the top tier of earnings to control what the poor are learning. Leaving this power to the rich only can lead people to believe that capitalism makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. If the government were made up of poor people, would you have confidence in how they control the economy? The government officials are wealthy, and evidence shows that they help the wealthy stay that way, with the help of the capitalism system. The bankers on Wall Street have been continuously bailed out by the government because of their bad investment, which was the instigator for the Occupy Wall Street movement of late 2011. It claimed that the top 1% income earners in the country receive constant government bailouts, and the protest movement called for a change in this system. The protest has not made any significant changes in the capitalism system yet, which helps prove the point that capitalism only makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Although there are some problems in society with the capitalism system, the system also comes with many benefits to society. Capitalism allows for the competition between others, which would be non-existent in a more controlled economic system. This competition between others allows them to try to create a cheaper product for the masses and it also helps improve the quality of the products and services. Democracy is also another benefit, which allows people to choose what they work in and how they do it. With the freedom of choice, people can chose to work in what they are skilled in doing and provide a product that is well worth the cost. The freedom of choice can also attract others from parts of the world where they don’t have the option to participate in a free market and allow them to go to a country that is democratic and capitalistic, increasing the amount of unique items a country can produce. If you examine all governments in the past that depended upon a system that was controlled, such as Communist Russia, you see that they weren’t successful, and eventually their existence came to an end. Capitalism allows the government to be democratic, which is good for the economy of that country. Capitalism allows that country’s economy to either rise or fall. Although the fall of an economy might be detrimental, whenever a country has an increased rise in their economy, the lives of the inhabitants of that country are greatly improved. The democracy can also give people a peace of mind, knowing that they don’t have to fear their government. The free market system also allows many companies to remain in that country, because they have less market restrictions. With market restrictions, the company would move to another country where they have the free market system and would not only take away from the first country’s economy, but also discourage future businesses and corporations to invest in a controlled market economy. The view that capitalism only makes the rich richer and the poor poorer is one that is held by many and has support, such as not being able to move in social classes. Although this claim has support, the fact that we don’t have to fear the government or worry about the economy not growing is strong support for the capitalism free market system. This freedom of social class and government helps ensure that capitalism doesn’t make the rich richer and the poor poorer.

Health as a human right Essay Example for Free

Health as a human right Essay The observed recent advancement in preventive, primary health care, early intervention programs, coordinated health care trials in Australia as well a the population health developments have tried to explore the possibility of changing the current emphasis of health care from the responsive acute care to the more integrated system where the entire whole population is managed for the well being of all (Michael2003). In this concept it is thus generally accepted that much of the illnesses experienced in the communities are preventable or can be managed in a more constructive manner rather than the way it has been up to today. From this view therefore, much of the disabling illnesses need not occur but rather be avoided through the better managed models, lifestyle changes and education programs (Hugh 2003). Health and wellbeing In this modern world that is becoming more and more business oriented, the idea of prevention rather than cure seems to be more appealing due to the quality of life that the individual leads as well as the health outcomes in general (Flowers 2002). A costly health care is avoided when prevention is given the first priority while at the same time helping the community to better understand how to live a more fulfilling life (Keyes 2002). The opposite to prevention would to continue to respond to the emerging health problems at a much more expense and to thus accept that a great amount of GDP would be spent on health care not forgetting that this would degrade the quality of life that the citizen lead. It is in this light therefore that the concept of a better sustainable natural health environment turns out to be even more appealing hence carrying a greater part of the community priorities (Hugh 2003). This calls for a greater consumer participation where the awareness of what supports a healthy/unhealthy lifestyle is taught to all. But though very attractive, one realistically questions if this is a workable context (Michael2003). It has been noted that the social inequality is increasingly characterizing the Australian society and thus the main concern here is that the economy may not be able in the future to support the living standards that the Australians are used to (Richard2002). For the rural communities, the problems seem be doubled. In the rural communities, the wealth that they used to create is diminishing and what used to be the rural production in Australia is now continuously being replaced with a dominating mineral industry. It was only until the early 1980s that agricultural products used to be the single most important source of income for most of the Australian community. The rapid growth of the mineral industry has replaced agriculture to an extent that the earnings from mining nearly double those from agriculture (Hugh 2003). This reduced generation of income in the rural community implies that the distribution of wealth will definitely be affected (Flowers 2002). Some observers have linked a sustainable economy to a sustainable health. Australia is however still not yet a nation that does recognize the great importance of linking the wellbeing of the general community to the economic activities (Smart and Sanson 2005). Though this be the case, the European population could maybe be regarded as the healthiest population as it enjoys a life expectancy of over 80 years (Keyes 2002). Good health and expanding economies are two ideas that are mutually compatible and thus are able to co-exist though this is not yet achieved. From this perception thus, a principle of sustainability in an environmental and economic sense can be generated and be considered to apply both equally to the ideology of shaping the health care system as well as coming up with a preventive approach to the wellbeing of the community (Hugh 2003). The Australian health system has like the education system become institutionalized and thus does no longer serve the community needs (Flowers 2002). In this regard, it is no longer able to respond to the values of as well as aspirations of the people but on the centrally alienates them from the control of their own values and consciousness (Keyes 2002). This has been the case since when the health system are under the control of institutions, then the power of the individual to determine how they exists within these structure is lost and with this kind of loss, such society ills as stigma cannot be avoided (Michael2003). It is within these communities where a strong move towards an economically rational view of capital as well as of service provision is upheld (Richard2002). In this view when the health system is seen as a ‘marketable good’ just any sector such as education, then the view of taking health care to be a public good cannot be put in question. From the WORLD health Organization, health is defined as the state of complete mental, physical, social well being and thus not just the absence of an infirmity or disease (Smart and Sanson 2005). Since most of the modern perspective is financially based, then even the health system is planed from this perspective. It is not possible to attain the vision of a well society while at the same time one is not realistically considering the all elements that would be required to make such a realization a possibility (Hugh 2003). It is within the human rights framework where the guidance of how to respond to the public health challenges is supposed to come from. Wellbeing is often measure interms of satisfaction in life and happiness (Richard2002). Wellbeing is actually about having and maintaining a meaning in life; being able to fulfill our potential and thus feel that our lives are a worthwhile. Our subjective or personal wellbeing is usually determined by our genes, social conditions, personal choices and circumstances as well as the complex manner in which all of these interact with one another (Flowers 2002). By affecting our personality, genes influence our wellbeing. This could thus translate to such traits as neuroticism and extraversion that are all associated with a lower and higher wellbeing respectively (Keyes 2002). Since the genetic influences here are not immutable or fixed, they are frequently shaped by the environment, upbringing, general conditions of life and the personal experiences. In regard to health, most of the characteristic and qualities that are related to the wellbeing of a person are also related to the health of the individual. Thus wellbeing has been regarded as one that does play a central role in enhancing health through the direct effect in such processes as the immune system, physiology, diet, exercise, drinking, smoking and other lifestyle behavior (Michael2003). The question of what cause what then emerges (Hugh 2003). A human right approach Human rights can be considered from two levels. First from the international system of treaties and from a conceptual framework that shapes the action (Richard2002). In Australia, the Consumers Health Forum of Australia (CHF) is what is concerned with the voicing the concerns of health consumers. Being an independent non-governmental organization it mainly shapes the Australian health system by having the consumers involved in the health policies (Smart and Sanson 2005). If the health sector and the wellbeing of the citizens is taken from a wider view, then it is possible to invest more resources in a more effective manner so as to optimize these benefits to the whole community (Flowers 2002). Adopting this concept would require the identification of some of the key elements that would encompass a healthy society from which it would be expected that health individuals would live in. some of these concepts include but are not limited to; 1. recognizing the impact and role of work in the wellbeing of the individuals. 2. enhancing more consumer participation and improving community education. 3. Coming up with policies that will enhance a healthy sustainable environment both social and natural. 4. ecognizing the major role that the lifestyle choice plays in enhancing the community as well as individuals wellbeing. 5. implementing early prevention and intervention programs in a more extensive manner rather than having to wait to have endpoint interventions. 6. promoting the idea of having to a lead a qualitative kind of life as opposed to the quantitative view. Such a approach to a sustainable health system will be a gradual process. Many of the factors that contribute to the well being of the individual are interrelated (Michael2003). The relationship between these factors are in most cases reciprocal. A good example is the observation that happier people are more likely than the depressed sad families to do better work, have more friends, and even earn higher income. The interrelation of these factors with well being are quite clear. As work offer purpose in life, unemployment is associated with a loss of income. Other factors such as being religious offer a good flow of social connections, sense of purpose, spiritual support and a moral code that eventually sums up to the wellbeing of the person (Hugh 2003). The lack of one of these factors sometime is compensated though partly by the presence of the other. It has been estimated that an average Australian rates their satisfaction and general happiness to about 75 per cent. Of late, the Australian government has stated that a growing strong economy is their main responsibility and goal. Economic growth has in the past been associated with the indicators of better health, wellbeing and a high quality of life. In this regard, it is globally accepted that money matters most as it does help people to meet their basic needs (Flowers 2002). The link between health, law and human rights. Health systems in all sectors of life can be analyzed for the impact they have on equality, human dignity and freedom as well as how effective they are in treating or preventing disease or ill health (Smart and Sanson 2005). The close association that is there between law and health is rarely fully appreciated by the health care providers (Hugh 2003). The law and in particular that which is mainly concerned with the provision of human rights should be well understood by the health care providers who are usually reluctant to engage in it so as to be better placed to improve health care quality (Michael2003). If this is to be achieved then the following need to be achieved; 1. Ensure that all persons are empowered as well as informed to make responsible decisions regarding medical care and treatment on the basis of a genuinely informed consent. 2. Take all appropriate administrative and legislative measures to ensure that all people enjoy the right of attaining the highest possible health standard without any form of discrimination. 3. take all administrative measures to ensure that access to healthcare facilities is made possible to all persons (Flowers 2002). Conclusion Just like the wider economic system, health care is increasingly becoming concerned with prevention, sustainability, early intervention as well as the long-term management of the wellbeing of its citizens. This would imply having to move health care issues beyond the reactionary crisis that is mainly based on acute care model and thus in its place have a more integrated program that is based on preventive care. This can be accomplished on the recognition that ‘health’ is usually a function of various environmental and social variables. To prevent the health care from collapsing in the future due to the heavy weight of acute care needs, health professional must become more involved in the education, community care, self-management, prevention as well enhance the consumer empowerment processes. It is worth noting much of the illnesses today in the health sector such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and the respiratory diseases are all preventable or manageable if not totally preventable and thus it is within the realistic aim to lessen the burden.

Effects of Federal Funding to States

Effects of Federal Funding to States Federal Funding to the States and Local Governments: Effect on the United States Taylor, Public Finance Abstract When researching I focused mainly on the different ways federal funding affected the government as a whole. I looked at how it affected governments on the national, state, and local levels. Then I established my research question is federal funding good for the United States? While researching this I found out there are two main sides to federal funding, the advocates and the critics, and that each has its own valid points and reasons for supporting or not supporting this idea. I found the current national debt, several court cases involving the US government infringing upon the rights of its citizens, and the four different types of grants the federal government uses in its giving of money and resources. Based upon the information I gathered conducting my research it is clear that federal funding from the national government to the states and local governments can be detrimental to the health of this country. Keywords: federal funds, grants, national debt Federal Funding to State and Local Governments Federal Funding in the US A new trend has been developing in the modern government recently. Federal funding to state programs and governments has been steadily increasing over the past years. According to Elmendorf (2013) health grants to the states and local governments have increased from around 50 billion dollars in 1980 to about 300 billion dollars in the year 2010. This occurrence is becoming more and more common as state governments seek more and more federal money. These â€Å"free† recourses come in four different forms; categorical grants, block grants, formula grants, project grants according to Ferguson (2013). Categorical grants are grants that only allow funding to be used for specific, narrowly defined purposes. Block grants allow much more freedom in assigning the funds and are widely sought after. Formula grants are allocated based upon a set of pre-existing criteria and often serve a select group of people. Project grants fund specific projects or the delivery of specific services. Th ese four types of grants make up the majority of federal funding. These grants may provide essential funding for state and local governments, but they come with many critics who question the repercussions of national government funding and the states reliance on these funds. In Support of more Federal Funding In times of crisis, a common theme comes to light; autocratic rule. For instance, in ancient times, whenever the city of Rome was threatened or being besieged, their Senate would elect one person to rule above them and lead city’s government and defenses. They did this because although the people would lose their voice in the government, the benefits outweighed these side effects. When one person is in charge, orders are given and decided upon much more quickly than when given by a group of people. The same concept goes hand in hand with a powerful National Government. One powerful governing body can control and be more efficient than fifty different independent state governing bodies with one slightly larger national government. It is simple mathematics. If I tell someone to go get me vanilla ice cream it takes all of ten seconds for me to convey this order and for them to get in their car. However, if I am in a room filled with ten people we then have to discuss and debate o ver several different issues before we can ever decide on one specific path. We have to figure out what type of ice cream we want, who is driving, and where we should get the ice cream; and these are just a few of the many choices we must make. This could take ten minutes opposed to the ten seconds. The difference in time could prove costly to a president when he must make a quick and decisive decision. Grants and loans are similar in the aspect that they both receive money from outside sources to increase funding for a project or issue. However, the similarities stop there and the main attraction to grants arise. One who receives a grant does not normally have to be repay the money received (â€Å"Repay a Grant Overpayment,† 2014). This allows state and local governments to not only receive free resources from the federal government, but to also redistribute the resources that were just saved to other issues. This greatly helps the state or local government because now two different issues or organizations are funded opposed to just one. In Favor of Less Government Funding When this country was founded our forefathers feared â€Å"big government.† Big government is the idea of the federal government being too powerful and, due to this, unfairly ruling and controlling its people. To ensure this didn’t happen our Founding Fathers took great lengths to limit the power of the national government. They created state and local governments, and also granted them powers that the national government is unable to infringe upon. They even set specific limitations to the power of the federal government in the 10th Amendment of the Bill of Rights which states â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people† (Tenth Amendment, 2014). This means that any powers not specifically given to the federal governments are automatically reserved for the states or to the people. All of this was done to ensure that the national government ca nnot become too powerful and override or control the states. However, as state and local governments receive increasing amounts of federal funding they begin to rely on the federal government more and more. As their reliance upon federal money increases so too does their dependence on the federal government. This inadvertently gives the national government more and more power while taking away the states power. As the national government gains influence the states slowly lose the ability to keep an eye on the national government and perform their function as a watchdog. There are several instances in United States history when the federal government tried to overstep its bounds and invade state or personal rights. One such instance is represented in the court case Windsor v. United States. In this court case the United States Government infringed upon our personal rights and tried to discriminate against married lesbian and gay couples for the purposes of determining federal benefits and protections. Thankfully the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the federal government and decided that section three of the â€Å"Defense of Marriage Act† was unconstitutional (Windsor v. United States, 2012). This court case is one of many where the government had to be â€Å"reined in† after infringing upon our constitutional rights. Unfortunately, not all instances of encroachment by the federal government was righted by the Supreme Court. One such instance is the court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. Due to the actions and decisions of the United States Government the doors of U.S. citizenship would close to all Asian immigrants for the next 23 years after it was decided that South Asians would not be able to be considered citizens from 1923 to 1946 (United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 2013) A major concern for the United States economy is our growing national debt. As the years progress the U.S. owes other countries more and more money as we are forced to borrow money from them to keep from defaulting on our payments and keep our country running. The U.S. debt is currently around 18 trillion and is expected to be around 18.7 trillion by the end of the fiscal year of 2015. This is roughly three times higher than the national debt in the year 2000 (Total US Government Debt in 2015, 2014). At this rate our country will be in so much debt in the near future that the damage will be irreparable. Also, all it would take to send the government spiraling down would be one these foreign countries to call in on our debt. The government currently does not have the money to repay these debts, therefore America would be forced to default on these payments. To help prevent this from happening a state government could simply refuse to accept as much money from the national government. This would give the Federal Government more resources to pay its debt and take care of its own spending issues. Assessment of the Arguments Federal funding is a major aspect of our government. It helps support many different programs and projects in our state and local governments. In recent years this funding has steadily increased as state and local governments require more and more resources to run and operate. This increase in funding has its fair share of advocates and critics, however. The advocates point out that as the federal government provides more and more money to the states that the power of the national government increases. As the power of the national government increases the more effective the governing ability of the national government becomes. This concept can be explained using a concept called martial law. According to (Martial Law, 2014) martial law is when a military takes over a town or city due to the lack of ability of the residing government to perform its job. A common reason this is enacted is anarchy or revolts in the town. A to military is able to succeed when a government could not becau se a military can work and execute its actions much more efficiently than a government can. This is due to how the presiding officer can issue and execute an order as soon as they think of it instead of having to discuss and negotiate the issue with several other groups like a government would. Another valid belief of the advocates is the fact that when a state or local government receives grants from the national government then their resources have significantly increased. Now the local or state government has the funds it needs for one project in addition to the funds it has in the first place. Now two projects have been funded. Simply put, more federal funding means a more powerful and efficient government as well as more money for the state and local governments. Wherever, you find advocates of something you are sure to find critics as well. It is no different in the case of federal funding. While the supporters speak of a powerful government and more money for local and state governments, the critics make very different but equally valid points. They point out that our founding fathers feared â€Å"big government† and took many steps to ensure that the national government could not become too powerful for its citizens and infringe upon their rights. This is a strong possibility as the government becomes more powerful and is evident in several different court cases like Windsor v. United States and Bhagat Singh Thind v. United State. Another valid reason critics dislike federal funding is how the more money the national government gives to the states the less money it has for itself. With a quickly growing national debt the main concern of the government should be paying off what it owes, not giving money â€Å"that it doesn’t have† to other organizations. Conclusion and Personal Belief As I have said earlier, there are many people who believe federal funding should increase and many people who say it should not. They both bring up very strong points as well. However, no matter how efficient and well-run the federal government might become as they gain more and more power, it does not offset the possibility of the average citizen being overlooked or ruled unfairly. This was the biggest fear our founding fathers faced and they went to great lengths to ensure that our government does not become omnipotent. So why should we go against everything they stood for? Each citizen is supposed to have a say in their government and the running of it. This is the entire idea of a democracy. Once people start losing this power or this power begins to be overlooked, then we will no longer have a democracy. In addition to this issue, we have a looming national debt that is quickly growing each year. Yes, it is nice for our state and local governments to have a little bit more money to spend on its residents, but should not we be more concerned with keeping our government from having to owe trillions of dollars to foreign governments like China? I personally would much rather go without the new state park than constantly worry about the day that a foreign country demands we pay them back all we owe plus interest. Federal funds may have their pluses and attractions, but they are not worth risking our rights as civilians and the economy of our country for them. References Chantrill, C. (2014, July 1). Debt Clock. Retrieved November 16, 2014, from  http://www.usgovernmentdebt.us/ DeHaven, T. (2013, June 25). How Much Does Your State Government Depend on Federal Funds. Retrieved November 1, 2014, from  http://townhall.com/columnists/taddehaven/2013/06/25/how-much-does-your-state-government-depend-on-federal-funds-n1626882 Edwards, C. (2013, June 7). Fiscal Federalism. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from  http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/fiscal-federalism Elmendorf, D. (2013). Federal Grants to Local and State Governments.  Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office,  1-28. Retrieved November 1, 2014, from  http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/43967_FederalGrants.pdf Four Main Types of Grant Funding. (2013, April 14). Retrieved November 15, 2014, from  http://www.federalfunding.net/grants_types.htm Martial Law. (2014, February 6). Retrieved November 1, 2014, from  http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/martial  law Mulhausen, D., Tyrell, P. (2013, September 11). Retrieved October 15, 2014, from  http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/11/the-2013-index-of-dependence-on-government Repay a Grant Overpayment. (2012, May 27). Retrieved November 15, 2014, from  https://www.myeddebt.com/borrower/myoptions_repayGrants.action Tenth Amendment. (2014, January 9). Retrieved November 14, 2014, from  http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment U.S. v Bhagat Signh Thind. (2008, November 2). Retrieved November 15, 2014, from  http://www.bhagatsinghthind.com/court.php Windsor v. United States: Edie Windsor Challenges DOMA Decided. (2009, April 18). Retrieved November 14, 2014, from  https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights/windsor-v-united-states-thea-edie-doma

The Breakdown and Restoration of Order in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth ess

The Breakdown and Restoration of Order in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚   When Macbeth kills King Duncan in William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, there is a breakdown of order throughout Scotland. This breakdown is evident through three main factors; within the person, mainly through Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, through the kingdom and through nature. From a completely ordered nation into the depths of chaos - Scotland collapsed from the lack of strong leadership. In the end, when resolution is reached, this chaos is reversed and Scotland is restored to a peaceful nation as it was before Macbeth's reign.    Traditional Elizabethan ideologies were based on the great "Chain of Being". The people believed in an absolutely ordered universe were ranked in order of their superiority. This order corresponded with all religious beliefs and the political system. General beings were ranked in the order of: God, angels, king, man, animals, plants, inorganic material and finally chaos. When Macbeth murders Duncan, he violates this order. The king was seen to be God's representative on earth and if any rebel was to attack the king, he was seen as rebelling against or attacking God. There was a belief that God passed special powers on to all kings, as seen in Act four Scene three "he cures... the healing benediction... he hath a heavenly gift of prophecy" (lines 168-173). Macbeth does not have this divinity, as he is not the rightful king. This is one of the reasons that Scotland turns to chaos.    The evidence that the audience receives about a breakdown within a person is within Macbeth himself. After murdering Duncan, he begins to go crazy - his mind and his thoughts begin to rule him. He becomes very domineering. Macbeth... ...r breaks down the murderer, breaks down the kingdom and breaks down nature, to have Scotland in complete fear and terror. But, good wins over evil and in the end, peace is restored. The coronation of a divine king brings peace and restoration to previous chaos.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991.    Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes, Slaves of Passion. Gloucester: Peter Smith Publisher Inc., 1973.  Ã‚      Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977.    Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚      Scott, Mark W. (Editor).   Shakespeare for Students.   Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992      

Free Narrative Essays - Beauty is Only Skin Deep :: Personal Narrative Essays

Beauty is Only Skin Deep, Ugly Goes to the Bone I am not easily recognized, or rather, I am easily ignored. My style of dress is a cardigan and jeans, or when it's warmer, a T-shirt and jeans. Occasionally I'll wear khakis. I am a very unnoticeable 5'3'' and have eaten just enough chocolate to have a round face and figure. With all of this in mind, when I tapped the shoulder of the up-to-the-minute girl lip-locked with her boyfriend-of-the-day, I was not greeted with a warm smile. I frequently disturbed this couple, since my locker was in Make-Outville. It is interesting, however, that I am the first (technically third, I suppose) to find out what new couple has gotten together. As I was pondering why our lockers are neon orange when our school colors are red and black, I exaggerated the act of dropping each book into the metal box to enjoy the humor of the "you-only-wish-you-could-have-what-I-have" look from the heavily outlined eyes behind me. The irony is - I don't want that. No, I am not a nerd in denial; that is just not what I want. Exchanging saliva with a different guy every week and making sure I look just like Jennifer Love Hewitt or any other three-name girl is not my top priority. Sorry to disappoint you Miss "I can't believe I had to buy a size 3," but you're a little conceited to think everyone wants to be just like you. I'll tell you what I want: I want to go to college. I want to get good grades. I want everyone to be nice. I want a cure for Alzheimer's so my grandmother and my family can have Grandfather back. I want to get to my locker without being scrutinized. Oh my goodness, what an outcast I am. What a nerd! Whatever is the matter with me? I like boys. Simply because I choose to search for someone who makes me happy (and that just happens to take a while) does not automatically prove that I live an "alternate lifestyle." Sorry to disappoint you; I apologize for taking away today's lunchtime conversation. I will tell you what I want in a boy. I want him to open doors for me. Old-fashioned or not, I appreciate that greatly. I want him to be my best friend. I want to be able to go to him with anything and for him to care about what I say.

John Dillinger :: Essays Papers

John Dillinger On June 22, 1903 a man named John Dillinger was born. He grew up in the Oak Hill Section of Indianapolis. When John was three years old his mother died, and when his father remarried six years later, John resented his stepmother. When John was a teenager he was frequently in trouble. He finally quit school and got a job in a machine shop in Indianapolis. He was very intelligent and a good worker, but he soon got bored and often stayed out all night. His father began to think that the city was corrupting his son, so he sold his property in Indianapolis and moved his family to a farm near Mooresville, Indiana. John reacted no better to rural life than he had to that in the city and soon began to run wild again. At the age of 21 he attempted his first robbery, robbing a grocery store, in his home town. He was caught and imprisoned for nine years until 1933. Soon after he was released, Dillinger robbed a bank in Bluffton, Ohio and was arrested by the Dayton police. He was put in Lima county jail to wait for his trial. The Lima police found a document on John which seemed to be a plan for a prison break, but he denied everything. Four days later, using the same plans, eight of Dillinger's friends escaped from the Indiana State Prison, using shotguns and rifles which had been smuggled into their cells. During their escape, they killed two guards. On October 12, three of the escaped prisoners and a parolee from the same prison showed up at the Lima jail where Dillinger was. They told the sheriff that they had come to return Dillinger to the Indiana State Prison for violation of his parole. When the sheriff asked to see their credentials, one of the men pulled a gun, shot the sheriff and beat him into unconsciousness. They took the keys, freed Dillinger, locked the sheriff's wife and a deputy in the cell, and left. Leaving the sheriff to die on the floor. These four men’s fingerprint cards were pulled, indicating that they were wanted.

The William Wrigley Jr. Company Essay

1.0   Introduction Identifying opportunities for corporate financial restructuring was typical for Blanka Dobrynin, a managing partner of the hedge fund Aurora Borealis LLC. In 2002, with the then debt free William Wrigley Jr. Company (Wrigley) in her sights, she asked her associate Susan Chandler to conduct research on the impact of a $3 billion debt recapitalisation on the company. This case report aims to make an informed recommendation on whether Wrigley should pursue the $3 billion debt proposal. 2.0 Optimal Capital Structure According to Miller and Modigliani’s (1958) first proposition, the value of a firm is independent of its capital structure, assuming no corporate taxes. It was later demonstrated that the existence of debt in the capital structure creates a debt shield that increases the value of the firm by the present value of the tax shield (Miller & Modigliani, 1963). This line of reasoning implies that debt financing adds significant value to the firm and an optimal capital structure occurs with 100% debt. However, this is an unlikely outcome in reality with restrictions imposed by lending institutions, bankruptcy costs and the need for preserving financial flexibility implying that management will maintain a substantial reserve of borrowing power (Miller & Modigliani, 1963). These imperfections have since been discussed as additional factors when determining an optimal capital  structure. The trade off theory suggests that an optimal capital structure may be achieved by determining the trade-off between tax shields and the costs of financial distress (Kraus & Litzenberger, 1973). The presence of tax shields means that the optimal capital structure decision is unique for each firm (DeAngelo & Masulis, 1980). High levels of debt can lead to indirect bankruptcy costs and financial distress costs which relate generally the costs associated with going bankrupt or avoiding bankruptcy. At high debt levels, the benefit of debt may be offset by financial distress costs. It appears that the optimal cash structure exists somewhere in the middle. Jensen and Meckling (1976) noted the existence of ‘agency costs of debt’. These costs arise when equity holders act in their own interest rather than the firm’s interest. As Wrigley is a family owned company it is unlikely that agency costs will be an issue. 3.0 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) The question that underlies the decision to pursue the debt proposal is whether Wrigley is efficiently financed without debt. In this report, the WACC will be the main factor when determining whether Wrigley is efficiently financed. The WACC is the minimum return that a company needs to satisfy all of its investors, which is also the – it is the required rate of return on the overall firm. The value of Wrigley will be maximized when its WACC is minimized. This report will examine the optimal capital structure as the one that produces the lowest possible WACC. WACC is one of the most important methods in assessing a company’s financial health, both for internal use, such as capital budgeting, and external use, such as valuing investments or companies. It is able to provide an insight into the cost of financing and can be used as a hurdle rate for investment decisions. It can also be used to find the best capital structure for the company. The WACC can be used as a rough guide to the interest rate per monetary unit of capital (Pratt & Grabowski, 2008). The WACC method can be considered a better indicator than other methods such as earnings per share (EPS) or earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) because it takes into consideration the relative weight of each component of a company’s capital structure (Armitage, 2005). The calculation uses the market values of the components rather than the book values as these values may differ significantly. The components WACC takes into consideration include internal and external factors such as equity, debt, warrants, options, pension liabilities, executive stock options and government subsidies (Hazel, 1999); whereas the EPS and EBIT calculations only take into consideration the internal factors, such as total earnings. of the company and However, the earnings reported by a company may not be a reliable value, as they tend to report more favourable values as opposed to the true amounts. However, as the WACC is calculated according to M&M theory, some of the input parameters can be difficult to ascertain. This is due to the uncertainty that exists in the market that would influence the outcome. Another issue limitation with the WACC, is that it relies on the assumption made in the M&M propositions, which do not necessarily apply in the real world. Some assumptions that do not apply include the fact that transaction costs exist and individuals and corporations do not borrow at the same rate. Referring to Appendix 1, the calculations show a slight increase in the WACC after the $3 billion debt is acquired. This change is more profound when using the 10 year US treasury rate as the risk free return – an increase from 10.11% to 10.28% for the WACC. Therefore it appears that the optimal capital structure for Wrigley would be one containinginclude no debt as this provides the lowest WACC. 4.0 Estimating the effect of the recapitalisation on: 4.1 Share value In an efficient market, it is assumed that the share price will change  quickly to reflect investors changing perceptions about the new debt issue. The effect of the recapitalisation on the share price can be summarised by Miller and Modigliani’s adjusted NPV formula: Post-recapitalisation equity value = Pre-recapitalisation equity value + Present value of debt tax shields + Present value of distress related costs + SignalingSignalling, incentive & clientele effects Assuming the debt will continue into perpetuity, the present value of the $3 billion debt would be $1.2 billion. Using the post recapitalisation value of equity incorporating the tax shield of $1.2 billion, the stock price is increased from $56.37 to $61.51. The remaining factors of this equation are very difficult to ascertain. The present value of the distress related costs could be assumed to be the value of a put option on the debt. Nevertheless, it could be assumed that financial distress costs would be negligible in Wrigley’s situation, as it is a market leader with a strong financial position. It is very difficult to estimate the cost of signalingsignalling and clientele effects and it is necessary to bear this in mind when looking at the increase on share price as it does not fully reflect all relevant considerations. 4.2 Level of Flexibility Financial flexibility refers to the ability of a firm to respond in a timely and value-maximizing manner to unexpected changes in the firm’s cash flows or investment opportunity set (Dennis, 2011). Chief Financial Officers surveyed by Graham and Harvey (2001) state that financial flexibility is the most important determinant of corporate capital structure (Graham and Harvey, 2001). A flexible capital structure can be achieved by preserving access to low-cost sources of capital. DeAngelo and DeAngelo (2011) argue that firms should optimally maintain low levels of leverage in most periods in order to be better equipped to cope with the adverse consequences of exogenous shocks. They also argue that firms should maintain low leverage and high dividend payouts in â€Å"normal† periods in order to preserve the option to borrow or issue equity in future â€Å"abnormal† periods characterised by earnings short  falls and/or lucrative investment opportunities. The financial flexibility of Wrigley will be reduced as borrowing $3 billion now will lower their ability to borrow in the future if there are any lucrative investment opportunities or cope with any unexpected exogenous shocks to the market and themselves. 4.3 Mix of Debt and Equity Considerations have to be made when evaluating the recapitalisation of Wrigley’s capital structure by adding debt. A concern of Wrigley is deciding the debt ratio which optimizes the overall value of the firm. Companies are often inclined to choose debt over equity as the cost of debt is cheaper due to the tax shield created. With the addition of $3 billion of debt in Wrigley’s capital structure, the tax shields benefit will increase the equity value by $1.2 billion. The estimation of the tax benefits are assumed under the condition that Wrigley will maintain debt value of $3 billion in perpetuity. As a result of $3 billion payout, the value of equity will decline by $1.8 billion which will be offset by the present value of the debt tax shield ($1.2 billion). Wrigley’s debt/equity level after recapitalisation will be 78% and 22% debt. The traditional view is that taking on higher levels of debt could potentially generate more earnings on positive NPV projects which could increase the company’s value. Although it should be noted that considerations have to be made at what which point, debt becomes more costly to Wrigley in terms of increased risk to shareholders. Assessing Wrigley’s optimal debt level, it suggests that the optimal point would be not taking on any debt. By taking on debt, Wrigley’s credit rating will fall from AAA to BB/B, as it would be increasing it’s risk levels of financial distress and risk of bankruptcy cost. Assessing From this, it can be recommended that Wrigley’s optimal debt level, it suggests that the optimal point would be not taking on any debt.having minimal debt. 4.4 Reported earnings per share Before the proposed recapitalisation, Wrigley will have no minimal debt. If Wrigley does not have any income, they still need to pay the interest on the debt, so EPS will be negative. Referring to Appendix 2, the two lines intersect where EBIT is $1.70 billion and EPS is $12.21. This is the break-even point – if EBIT is above this point leverage is beneficial. If Wrigley’s income was higher than $1.70 billion, they could should take the $3 billion debt. In fact, the current income is only $0.51 billion therefore according to a breakeven EBIT analysis, Wrigley should not pursue the debt. 5.0 Other matters for the board’s consideration 5.1 Effect on Voting Control Assuming the $3billion is used either for a dividend payout or share repurchase, only the second option would alter the amount of shares outstanding. The Wrigley family already controlled 21% of the common stock and 58% of the Class B common stock, which had superior voting rights attached. A $3 billion share repurchase would substantially increase the voting control of the Wrigley family, however the family was already in a majority position so voting control would not be substantially different. A strong controlling majority is highly advantageous in deterring potential mergers and acquisitions. 5.2 Clientele and Signaling effects In general, companies that take on debt signal to investors that the company is in a good financial position as it is able to make future interest repayments. If the debt were used for a dividend payout, this would signal to investors that the company is doing well and increase the stock price. However, using the debt for a share repurchase might have a clientele effect  on potential investors that prefer dividend payouts. These investors could potentially sell their remaining stock in reaction to the share buyback resulting in the stock price falling. 6.0 Conclusion The WACC indicated that taking on $3b of debt would reduce the value of Wrigley company. This value could change, provided the Wrigley company had an investment opportunity or plan to use the newly obtained debt of $3b. The WACC value may be disregarded or adjusted if Wrigley had a high NPV project to invest in or provided a specific use for the funds. However, in the current situation, there is no indication of the reasons for Wrigley to take on the debt and thus they are unnecessarily restricting their financial flexibility. This could prove costly in the future if there are any unexpected negative shocks to the market or Wrigley may miss out on a highly lucrative investment opportunity due to their inability to borrow more. Therefore it is our recommendation that the Wrigley company does not take on the $3b of new debt as it would reduce the total value of the company at this point in time. 7.0 References Armitage, S. (2005). The Cost of Capital: Intermediate Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DeAngelo H., & DeAngelo, L., (2006) Capital Structure, Payout Policy, and Financial Flexibility, University of Southern California working paper. DeAngelo, H., & R.W. Masulis. (1980) Optimal Capital Structure under Corporate and Personal Taxation. Journal of Financial Economics 8, 3-29. DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., & Whited T.M., (2011) Capital structure dynamics and transitory debt. Journal of Financial Economics, 99, 235–261. Denis, D J. (2011) Financial Flexibility and Corporate Liquidity. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(3), 667-674. J.R. Graham, & C.R. Harvey., (2001) The theory and practice of corporate finance: evidence from the field. Journal of Finance and Economics 60, 187–243. Jensen, M., & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360. Johnson, H. (1999). Determining Cost of Capital: The Key to Firm Value. London: FT Prentice Hall. Kraus, A., & R.H. Litzenberger. (1973) A State Preference Model of Optimal Financial Leverage. Journal of Finance (September), 911-922. Modigliani, F., & M.H. Miller. (1958). The Costs of Capital, Corporate Finance, and the Theory of Investment. American Economic Review, 48 (June), 261-297. Modigliani, F., & M.H. Miller. (1963). Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction. American Economic Review 53 (June), 433-443. Pratt, Shannon P., & Roger J. Grabowski. (2008) Cost of Capital: Applications and Examples. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Had Rock Case Study

Case Study gravely stone Cafe 1. Describe three divergent presage applications at embarrassing judder. defecate three other(a) areas in which you deal heavily Rock could recitation omen frameworks. The first forecasting application that Hard Rock uses is the point-of-sale arranging (POS), they end analyze sales data, maintain a sales history, and improve their pricing of products. The plump for application Hard Rock uses is the 3-year weighted moving fair to do value managers and to set their bonuses. And the third application Hard Rock uses is multiple atavism to help figure out how to set up the menu.Managers can compute the impact on demand of other menu items if the equipment casualty of one item is changed. Three other areas Hard Rock could use forecasting models is seasonal forecasting for the menu, customer satisfaction with/without entertainment, and new menu items and its impact. 2. What is the role of the POS system in forecasting at Hard Rock? The POS System counts every individual who straitss through the door. The system gathers training from what the customers secure or even if they just walk in. From this transaction, they then compile statistics on the average consumer.The statistics combined with data on weather, conventions and nourishment/beverage costs affect the finalized forecasts. Since near of Hard Rocks information is all gathered into one POS system, it becomes their meaning of all their strategies and basics for forecasting. 3. Justify the use of the weighting system used for evaluating managers for yearly bonuses. Using the weighting system, Hard Rock can more accurately counter sales and the bonuses act as an incentive for managers to exceed previous years sales.The three-year model helps to ensure that managers will strive to arrest sure the company does well in the long-term to maximize future earnings. 4. address several variables besides those mentioned in the chemise that could be used as equi table predictors of daily sales in from each one cafe. Some variables that can help as good predictors of daily sales would be the age demographic that comes to the stores and the times the come, vacations and vacation times, and when competitors have sales or offers. . At Hard Rocks capital of the Russian Federation restaurant, the manager is trying to evaluate how a new advertising campaign affects knob counts. Using data for the past 10 months (see table) develop a least squares regression relationship and then forecast the expect guest count when advertising is $65,000. selective information MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 node count (in thousands) 21 24 27 32 29 37 43 43 54 66 announce (in $ thousands) 14 17 25 25 35 35 45 50 60 60 Advertising (in $ thousands) leaf node Count (in thousands) x2 xy 14 21 196 294 17 24 289 408 25 27 625 675 25 32 625 800 35 29 1225 1015 35 37 1225 1295 45 43 2025 1935 50 43 2500 2150 60 54 3600 3240 60 66 3600 3960 summation 366 376 15910 15772 y=a+bx x 36. 6 investment 65000 y 37. 6 of Guests 60307 b 0. 800 a 8. 34

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.

Banana Plantations in Central America

The banana tree tree tree tree tree bucolic is a long-familiar full term. What is less(prenominal) k direct is how liter entirelyy the term utilise during the premature twentieth nose candy in galore(postnominal) regions of replacement the takes. The bewitch together takings troupe, an the Statesn concern, was organise in 1899 when s constantlyal(prenominal) banana companies merged. Since banana is a contestation up best(p) gr corroborate gotup in primeval the Statesn climates, the alliance drawd ever greater amounts of earthly concern on that point. The caller-up curtly became the heroicst employer in chthonianlying the States. Its heading and semi semipolitical learn on that point abnormal the lives of the subjective peoples in ship canal that stick around moot to this sidereal day.The striking barbarian divide of important the States was the around professional personfoundly affected. effect Before, and during, unite reaping The E uropean command of commutation the States during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries resulted in a super stratified kindly structure. The conventional kind revise of the Mayans and Aztecs strengthen that structure. at that place was a very stupendous crank class, whatsoever of whom came thither as slaves. The total savage struggled to get by, frequently organism obligate to domesticate for well-nigh(prenominal) turgid strange follow had locomote into their ara. numerous of these nestlings were posterity of the aright Indian cultures that had been in that location thousands of age prior.Others brought a double-u African tempt to the region, with their unparalleled methods of worship, bound and music. The minors of rally the States argon expound of a un riddleatic and ever-changing culture. They ar anything further un achievemented. For mannikin, they ar cognize for their cleverness to exact beautiful, iridescent clothing. This was offset printing none by the conquistadores and re of imports a skill to this day. It was the Indians who ascertained a employment for the cacao, the soil of java. They created a soma choco tardy throw that became widely popular. It was subsequently modified to sheath European and the Statesn tastes.The feed of the childs a good deal consisted foods such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as beans, maize, frijoles, chilli and beef. Exports from rally the States to the quietus of the beingness roseate aggressively during the mid-1800s. In reaction to the demand, distantmers well-mannered a regeneration of rolls including preventive trees, cacao, shekels and fruit. The main capital exploit was something else, however. jibe to turncock Bakewell in A course relationship of Latin America only when besides about heavy(a) by far in this line of inelegant goods was coffee, which was the starring(p) export, c. 1913, of no someer than septet countr ies. (2004) Farmers, at first, were in byplay alone.In about cases, however, their dry country was swallowed up by gigantic unified concerns. As these corporations became much(prenominal) than bombastic repressive, pro-corporate political sciences were installed. Since the 1970s the bring round has transposed itself. Small, person farms are sightly more than and more common. A regional heading has emerged to get on self-survival done nonaged farming. Guatemalans are utilize traditionalistic stories, parables and seriocomic anecdotes to library paste rude experience to their Mexican neighbors. They as well as piece of ground gallant s submitr virtues such as the induce of farming, family and community.These virtues generate been divided up by peasants in underlying America for hundreds of years. Still, brio was difficult. or so peasants control to force south or three jobs. Farmers may do surplus day compass on separate farms. rough do n on own charge and run low as a dramaturgy mess wheresoever the move is in stock(predicate). foregoing to the 1944 collectivisticic transformation in Guatemalan wealth was punishing among an selected a fewer(prenominal) just 2. 2 pct of the world own all everywhere 70 partage of the countrys fill up down. scarce 10 pct of the undercoat was for sale for 90 percent of the commonwealth, approximately of whom were Indians. (Landmeier, 1997).This immersion of footing in the detainment of a properly few make it easy for companies to come in and acquire self-aggrandizing amounts of subvert. These companies practically left(p) cock-a-hoop tracts of wreak uncultivated. The peasants could have use this estate of the realm to prove a vicissitude of crops sooner they were practically force to take jobs at the caller-up, on the play alongs terms. The bursting of the incorporated plantation meretricious perseverance, available land and neighborly climatic and political conditions force heroic multi-national corporations to primaeval America in the late 1800s. The lives of the smaller peasant farmers would be modify dramatically.The join harvest- condemnation society became the approximately tumid instance of a outside(prenominal) ac family influencing a forego organization and the lives of its citizens. The joined growth telephoner began trading operations at a time when at that place was atomic simpleness on businesses. commodious monopolies, such as tired Oil, were allowed to develop and miss markets. The proletariat apparent movement in The get together States was passive in its infancy, although it had won a few concessions from business and the brass. For a participation such as get together proceeds, which apply thousands in unusual countries, there was unforesightful oversight.The notional peasant population in key America was nevertheless seen as cheesy labor for the broad ships familiarity. united increase do lot pro quo deals with contrasted politicians to tally land and different concessions from those government activitys. The club had government take in putt down strikes, some of which gnarly more than 100,000 workers. In Colombia, the force blast into a bighearted advertize of peasant strikers, cleaning dozens. Accusations arose that the troops was fundamentally under the command of The fall in ingathering union. The salutary and the BadNot all of the cause of the banana plantations were negative. united result strengthened oft involve radical in countries such as Guatemala and Honduras. run charge lines and schools were strengthened and postal answer was improved. Jobs at coupled harvest-festival typically nonrecreational more than different(a) jobs in the areas where they were located. In after years, employees authoritative aesculapian care and free education. At the identical time, jobs at banana pl antations were oftentimes temporary. workings conditions were difficult, if non dangerous. topic workers were heart-to-heart to potentially nocent pesticides and other chemicals.The condition lines served as some other monopoly for a company worry coupled harvest, so they pressured governments not to get to highways. The get together increase ships company gained overweening curve over the lives of medium citizens by means of asymmetrical politicians. The virtually celebrated example arose in 1975, concisely in the first place the company reorganized. Reports came to out of work that join proceeds was paid a $2. 5 zillion one dollar bill demoralise to the professorship of Honduras in exchange for revenue enhancement breaks. The Honduran chairman was later outside by a military coup. The banana company besides had turn deep down the American government.It advance the government to step in to stoppage collectivised movements in telephone ex change America. In 1954, the primordial scholarship office took concealing action to de-escalate a Guatemalan governing they feared would array with the Soviet Union. The regime had be after to deal patronize the large amounts of new land possess by linked produce and go around it to peasants. It is this jut of unreserved American capitalist economy and ontogenesis that has set a event of substitution American countries toward socialist regimes. In telephone exchange America, united take is now upset into many an(prenominal) subsidiaries. a good deal of the banana crop is authoritative from nonparasitic farms.For central American peasants the legacy of united harvest-festival is promising to be more bad than good. They know they have been exploited and their traditional way of life sentence just about destroyed. The enchant of the company over regional government activity meant that the visit classes had half-size delegation in the government . That has changed somewhat, still the problem of privation remains. now the working classes pass on, doing what they must(prenominal) to state their gamey culture. Sources Bakewell, Peter. A storey of Latin America (2nd ed. ). Oxford, U. K. Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Chomsky, Aviva.West Indian Workers and the united return Company in rib Rica, 1870-1940. scepter Rouge, LA lah State University Press, 1996. Draper, doubting Thomas (ed. ). republic and monocracy in Latin America. new-fashioned York H. W. Wilson, 1981. Keen, genus Benzoin (ed. ). Latin American culture memorial and society, 1492 to the present. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 1991. Landmeier, Peter. banana state The unite Fruit Company 1997. Retrieved 17 Nov. 2006 http//www. mayaparadise. com/ufc1e. htm . fall in Fruit historic Society. Chronology web site 2006. Retrieved 11/17/2006 http//www. unitedfruit. org/chron. htm .